Combating Corruption in Pakistan: National Efforts and Compliance with Global Anti-Bribery Frameworks

Abstract

Corruption is among the greatest obstacles to good governance, social-economic growth, and the confidence of the people in Pakistan. This paper explores the national measures to fight corruption and analyzes how well Pakistan adheres to international anti-corruption standards, specifically, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC). Although legal tools such as Prevention of Corruption Act (1947), the National Accountability Ordinance (1999), and specialized organizations such as the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) are in place, corruption continues to be an issue in various sectors, such as in public procurement, welfare programs, and administrative services, among others. This research design is qualitative with the application of document analysis of government reports, legal textual documents, civil society analysis, international surveillance of compliance, and academic publications. The effectiveness of the institutional mechanisms, enforcement outcomes, preventive measures, and alignment to the international anti-bribery standards are analyzed. Results show that even though national efforts have led to major seizure of assets and high-profile convictions, there is poor enforcement due to the domestic affairs of the political system, fragmented and institutional roles, and the lack of preventive governance. Furthermore, Pakistan is partially compliant with UNCAC, with the lack of regulation in the areas of asset declaration, whistleblower protection, and inter-agency coordination. This paper finds that corruption in Pakistan should be tackled in a holistic manner by incorporating strong legal implementation, institutional independence, preventive governance, involvement of civil society, and ultimate adherence to the international standards. Intensifying transparency, accountability and international cooperation will not only good governance and increase the level of trust but also will enhance the credibility and image of Pakistan in the global community that combats corruption. The study offers information to the policymakers, practitioners and scholars who may be aiming at coming up with effective anti-corruption strategies within the contexts of developing countries.