Genocide And Ethnic Cleansing: Legal Obligations Of States Under International Law

Abstract

Genocide and ethnic cleansing represent some of the gravest violations of international law, striking at the core of human dignity and international peace and security. While genocide is explicitly criminalized under international law, ethnic cleansing remains a contested concept, addressed indirectly through international humanitarian law, international human rights law, and international criminal law. This article examines the legal obligations of states in relation to genocide and ethnic cleansing, focusing on prevention, punishment, protection of affected populations, and international responsibility. It analyses the normative framework established by treaties, customary international law, and international jurisprudence, and evaluates the effectiveness and limitations of existing enforcement mechanisms. The article argues that despite a robust legal framework, persistent gaps in political will, accountability, and enforcement continue to undermine the prevention of mass atrocities.