The Interplay of Religious and Ethnic Conflicts in Pakistan: Implications for National Peace and Economic Prosperity (2013-2015)

Abstract

From 2013 to 2015, Pakistan experienced a pronounced intensification of religious and ethnic conflicts, significantly impacting its national peace and economic prosperity. This period saw an escalation in sectarian violence, particularly targeting the Shia community, and an increase in militant activities led by groups such as the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). High-profile attacks, including those on Quetta’s Hazara community and the Army Public School in Peshawar, underscored the pervasive insecurity. Ethnic tensions also surged, particularly n Karachi, where clashes between Mohajirs, Peshawar and Sindhis disrupted economic unabated, with frequent confrontations between separatists and state forces, contributing to human rights abuses and underdevelopment in the region. These conflicts eroded social cohesion, fostered an environment of fear, and impeded collective national efforts towards development. Economically, the violence deterred foreign investment, disrupted trade, and increased military expenditure, diverting resources from essential development projects. The government’s response, including Operation Zarb-e-Azab launched in 2014, achieved some success in dismantling militant networks but also resulted in significant civilian displacement and humanitarian challenges. This study examines the multifaceted impacts of these conflicts, analyzing how the interplay of religious and ethnic strife during this period undermined political stability and economic growth. It highlights the necessity for comprehensive policy reforms aimed at promoting inclusive governance, enhancing socio-economic development, and fostering inter-community dialogue to mitigate these conflicts and pave the way for a more peaceful and prosperous Pakistan,