INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN AND SOCIETY

Pakistan’s Counterterrorism Strategy during the 4th Regime of Pakistan Peoples Party (2008-2013): A Historical Overview

Dr. Shaista Gohar, Sumayya, Usman Ullah — Thu, 04 Jan 2024 14:26:07 +0200

Pakistan has faced significant challenges due to terrorism during the past twenty years. Pakistan needed to implement a successful counterterrorism strategy in order to confront the terrorist threat. Since 9/11 incident, different governments in Pakistan adopted various strategies to combat terrorism in Pakistan. In 2008, Pakistan was middle of war against Al-Qaeda and Taliban. The Musharraf regime adopted mixed policies of operation and peace negotiations for countering terrorism which terribly failed. This paper focuses on the counterterrorism policies of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), one of the major and oldest political parties of Pakistan. PPP emerged on the political scene as governing party for 4^th time as a result of General Elections, 2008 after assassination of its charismatic leader, Benazir Bhutto on November 27, 2007at terrorism activity during a political rally. This paper presented an overview of counterterrorism strategy for Pakistan that adopted by the PPP government during 2008-2013. The main objective of this paper is to review military actions carried out by the Pakistani military and to develop measures and strategies to reduce terrorism in Pakistan during the PPP government (2008-2013). For this paper data is mostly collected from books, journal articles, reports and reliable newspapers articles. Qualitative method is applied.

Architectural Legacy of Zīb Al-Nisāʾ: Patron of First Mughal Woman Architect

Sana Hafeez, Dr. Najma Kabir, Azka Ahsan — Fri, 05 Jan 2024 20:19:27 +0200

Standpoint Theory in the discipline of women studies suggests that prevailing knowledge of a society is governed by the powerful and therefore minorities and depreciated communities have historically been ignored or marginalized, especially when it comes to the production of knowledge.

As evident from the works of architect queen Nūrjahāṇ and architect princess Jahāṇāra Begum, it is clear that History of our region, has a fair share of women prodigies in every field and profession, and architecture is not an exception. Unfortunately, their works are seldom highlighted or researched on, resulting in important historical facts lost in confusion created by ahistorical statements and irresponsible conclusions.

The first and most beloved daughter Zīb al-Nisāʾ clashed with her father to retain control and authority that was available to her predecessor. Aurangzīb transformed himself into an absolute authority on state as well as religion and adhered to a strict orthodox interpretation of Islam. This not only adversely affect female power but unfavorably affected arts in general. Despite the challenges that female court faced during Aurangzīb era, highly educated, enlightened and wise ladies of Mughal court continued to contribute and leave their mark on Mughal architectural history.

Mindful Mastery: Empowering Women's Well-Being through the Transformative Power of Education in Malakand Division, Pakistan

Umar Daraz, Jahan Ul Mulk (Corresponding Author), Ikram Ali — Fri, 05 Jan 2024 20:56:15 +0200

This study explores the empowering impact of education on women's health in Malakand Division, Pakistan. Historically, women in Pakistan, particularly within the Pakhtun society, faced barriers to education, hindering their social and economic development. Recent decades have seen positive shifts in gender parity and educational policies, emphasizing the importance of female education. The study underscores the pivotal role of women's education in societal and communal empowerment, linking it to enhanced decision-making powers, improved health conditions, and economic independence. Women with higher levels of education are less prone to reliance on men, thereby enhancing the welfare of their families and promoting self-sufficiency. The research focuses on the unique cultural and regional dynamics of Malakand Division, addressing a noticeable gap in the existing literature. Through a quantitative cross-sectional design, the study collects data from educated women in seven districts, employing stratified random sampling to ensure representation. The findings from the examination, encompassing cross-tabulation, directional and symmetric measures, correlation coefficients, and regression models, consistently underscore a robust positive correlation between education and the empowerment of women's health. Educated women demonstrate heightened health awareness, prioritize health, seek proper treatment, and embrace modern health technologies. The correlation coefficient of 0.93 and an R² of 0.877 in the regression analysis emphasize the substantial correlation and predictive power of education in women's health empowerment. The findings have significant policy implications, suggesting that policymakers in Malakand Division should prioritize initiatives promoting and enhancing educational opportunities for women. Investing in accessible and quality education can serve as a potent strategy for improving health outcomes among women. Collaborative efforts between the education and health sectors are crucial for comprehensive policies that address the interplay between education and women's health, contributing to the overall health resilience of the community in Malakand Division.

Semantic Parsing for Knowledge Graph Question Answering

Shanza Noor — Sat, 06 Jan 2024 12:31:45 +0200

Knowledge graphs are full of information, but understanding them all requires knowing about natural language questions. Semantic understanding plays a big role. It changes questions from users into forms that knowledge graphs can understand. But going over this bridge shows obvious breaks. One problem comes from the big words and hard connections in knowledge graphs. Ask about a "mountain range" between France and Spain. Nowadays, most programs are having problems with many things and connections, so they could get this question wrong, leading to useless answers. Another issue shows up in the area of talking with others. In real life, people often ask questions that are complex and build on previous answers to shape the meaning of future queries. A parser that doesn't understand the context might get confused if someone asks, "What is the capital of the country we talked about earlier?" After chatting about Paris without saying which country it belongs to. The bridge lacks provisions for generalization and interpretability. In this study we have proposed parsers encounter difficulties with novel questions, and their reasoning remains opaque. Envision inquiring about the inventor of the printing press and their motivations. A parser incapable of drawing parallels from comparable historical figures or elucidating its rationale for identifying Gutenberg would furnish users with incomplete answers, eroding trust in the process. Furthermore, our strategy endeavors to overcome these challenges, with the goal of constructing a resilient and efficient semantic parser—a bridge devoid of weaknesses and fissures. This endeavor aims to enable users to pose questions in a natural and conversational manner, thereby unleashing the complete potential of knowledge graphs and furnishing them with the precise answers they seek.

The Role of Transformational Leadership on Employees Innovative Performance in Colleges in Punjab

Shajar Abbas, Dr. Khawaja Hisham-Ul-Hassan, Saqib Raza — Sun, 07 Jan 2024 16:29:58 +0200

Abstract:

This qualitative research article investigates the transformative leadership's effects on innovative performance in colleges, contributing to the understanding of leadership strategies that promote creativity and progress in higher education institutions. The study inspects Transformational leadership's impact on college production through knowledge and innovation, the role of organizational culture in fostering innovative conduct, the influence of commitment to change on work performance, and the variability of these factors across different contexts. The findings, based on current research on transformational leadership and innovative performance in higher education, indicate that leadership has a considerable impact on innovative performance in institutions. Additionally, commitment to change emerges as a critical factor in promoting innovative work behavior in organizations. The connection between creative performance and transformational leadership varies across different contexts, highlighting the need for further investigation in this area. The study's theoretical foundation is based on the work of James McGregor Burns, who first distinguished between transactional and transformational leadership. In higher education institutions, transformational leadership has been found to have a significant impact on organizational performance and innovation.

Disconcerting the Colonizers: Delhi as a Parable of Struggle in Reclaiming National Consciousness in Ahmad Ali’s Twilight in Delhi

Muhammad Khuram, Anjum Aziz Abbas , Aqeel Abbas, Irfan Mehmood — Sun, 07 Jan 2024 19:19:18 +0200

Twilight in Delhi represents the colonial oppression and argues that this suppression functions as resistance, shaping the literature which challenges the dominant colonial narrative by the awareness of tradition, culture and history in reclaiming national consciousness. Twilight in Delhi by Ahmad Ali is widely acknowledged as a literary masterpiece that captures the quintessence of Delhi and was created amidst the turbulent times of the late 1930s. The text delves into the subjects of colonialism, resistance, gender roles, nostalgia, and the examination of both traditional and modern cultural clashes. The text explores the concept of resistance weather psychological, cultural, and political, by analyzing the portrayal of images and events in the novel. It specifically examines the process of decolonization, whether it be physical or psychological. Ahmed Ali depicted the devastation of society, culture, ethical principles, and economy at both individual and national scales. This qualitative research uses conceptual content analysis of the selected text emphasized on the characteristics of struggle and resistance, using theoretical framework by Frantz Fanon's influential work, The Wretched of the Earth, to understand the clash between traditional values and the modernism brought about by colonialism The novel provides a deeper comprehension of the resistance endeavors and the human toll of colonial supremacy in Delhi, ultimately reflecting the wider battles against imperialism. Ahmad Ali challenges and dismantles readers' colonial mindset while advocating for India's liberation from the Empire. Furthermore, the novel's focus on the historical achievements of Indo-Muslim civilization conveys a strong message of resistance against British colonial rule.

Familial processes and Women Empowerment: An Evidence Based Study from district Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan

Dr. Afzaal Afzal, Dr. Sumera Tul Hasan, Ali Asghar — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 20:24:35 +0200

Women empowerment is one among the most imperative aspects for intensification of personal, familial, communal and national development. Functions, responsibilities, assertiveness, interpersonal relationships and ability to deal with critical circumstances largely inclined with familial processes. Familial processes provide rudiments and play a central role in devastating women's abilities and capabilities in their lives. Twenty-first century is witnessed the unprecedented changing in adaptability and configuration of women's role throughout the world especially in developing countries like Pakistan. Patriarchal societies with socio-cultural pre-determinants confined the role of women and their empowerment is not homogenous because of various intercepting factors such as traditional values, rituals, affiliations with caste or class system, religious beliefs and economic condition among others. Keeping in consideration the said scenario, an in-depth evaluation is carried out to check the impacts of familial processes on women empowerment. Primary information was obtained through stratified linear systematic quota sampling techniques from women and advanced statistical software’s such as SPSS-21, smartPLS-4 used for data analysis. Findings indicated that women empowerment have significant association with familial processes. The women belongs to supportive familial processes has more confidence, self-esteem, and plays a more productive role for their personal, familial, and social life.

An Analysis of Connell's Theory of Hegemonic Masculinity in The Bull and She Devil by Zaib Un Nissa Hamidullah

Rimsha Qamar , Sahil Anwar, Syeda Umama Shah — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 21:33:12 +0200

Hegemonic masculinity is a critical theory proposed by Raewyn Connell which analyses literary texts by according to toxic patriarchy and the supremacy of male dominance over female. Insulting a woman is counted in male honor. The present study is a Hegemonic Masculinity of The Bull and the She Devil (1958), a short story written by Zaibunnisa Hamidullah, a Well know Pakistani feminist writer, who made a best contribution in the early years of Pakistani English literature. Her father was the first person who translated Allah Iqbal poetry in Bengali. The story, taken from her collection of short stories titled The Young Wife and Other Stories (1958), deals with the suppression of female in a repressed patriarchal society. This analysis focus on why the man became toxic, first thing is male should be harsh and rigid for proving himself a man, the female should be consider as a puppet for him. In the story the Ghulam Qadir was too rude to Shirin. Even he had lots of doubt regarding his wife. In the start Amna put him in a square that Shirin will be his slave and he will be her master. He consider he as her property. The study concludes that the author through her deep work, simple yet, her writing style is able to effectively deal with a taboo subject without being too explicit.

Protectionist Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: Prospects for Upholding the Right of Equal Access to National Markets

Zamira Sadykova — Mon, 08 Jan 2024 21:49:57 +0200

In international economic relations, many countries use protectionist policies to protect their national economic interests. In the context of globalization and integration of the world economy, the right to free trade and equal access to national markets is becoming one of the key issues of international economic relations. Equal access rights guarantee a fair playing field for both foreign and domestic businesses, which can attract foreign direct investment (FDI) into the nation. However, they can also be abused to deter FDI under the guise of stronger national interests or as a result of pressure from lobbying organizations. Gatekeeping national markets as a barrier to foreign direct investment (FDI) has been made possible by the global growth of global protectionism, which is a response to the imbalances and inequities brought about by globalization, as well as the deadlock of supranational institutions in the control of international relations. This issue is of relevance for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), which find themselves at the intersection of many economic and political interests. Over the past decades, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have made significant steps towards economic integration with the European Union (EU). However, despite the general successes in the field of trade relations, there are problems associated with restrictions on the entry of goods into national markets, which restricts free trade and threatens further economic growth and development.

The Role of Academic Advising and Mentoring in Promoting Student Success and Retention

Dr. Ayesha Afzal, Dr. Aisha Sami, Sadia Munawar — Tue, 09 Jan 2024 12:25:58 +0200

This research investigates the landscape of academic advising and mentoring in private universities in Lahore, Pakistan, aiming to fill a notable gap in the existing literature focused predominantly on Western educational settings. The study adopts a pragmatic paradigm, utilizing a mixed-method approach to assess the current state of advising and mentoring, examine their perceived impact on student success, and identify challenges hindering their effectiveness. The population comprises teachers and students from various private universities, and data collection involves structured questionnaires and interviews. Results reveal a highly positive perception among participants, indicating the effectiveness of advising and mentoring. Regression analysis demonstrates the predictive power of both advising and mentoring on student success. Thematic analysis uncovers key challenges, including high student-to-advisor ratios, lack of professional development, limited resources, communication issues, and diversity-related challenges. The study concludes with actionable recommendations to enhance advising and mentoring practices in private universities in Lahore, contributing valuable insights to the global discourse on effective student support mechanisms in diverse educational settings.

Court Marriage and its Impact on Pakistani Society

Tayyaba Yasmin, DR Saeedah Shah, Sidra Kanwel — Tue, 09 Jan 2024 20:05:33 +0200

This Research paper will explore the adverse effects of court marriage in Pakistan. The right to marry is a fundamental right all over the world. However, in Pakistan, it is considered a crime when it is violated by a significant and sane couple who wants to marry or take a step to marry without the consent of his/her legal guardian/wali. However, it is considered a regular practice in the whole world. This pious activity becomes a crime/offense against societal norms, customs, and traditions. Society does not allow a major person to use his legal right, which is given by his/her religious & and legal system. The guardians infringe his/her legal right by inducing their own choices liking or disliking according to their social standards. A few practical and legal complications were faced by their loss of self-respect, murder on behalf of self-defense, and generation-to-generation family disputes. The qualitative research has been applied of the following article.

Effect of Research Design on Distribution of Prototypical Research-Oriented Lexical Bundles: A Corpus-Based Study of Quantitative Research Articles

Sana Nadeem, Dr. Aleem Shakir — Wed, 10 Jan 2024 13:28:56 +0200

The objective of this study is to comprehensively analyze the prototypical research-oriented lexical bundle in a quantitative research article to see whether the sub-design of quantitative research i.e., correlational, and experimental studies have any differences regarding the usage of PROLBS. Based on these objectives the study selected 2576 total research articles from 11 subjects within 5 major disciplines. The distribution of the data is based on research design and journal ranking and then data is divided into article sections. The AntConc software was used for the retrieval of the frequency of the LBs

The study examined the impact of quantitative research sub-design correlational and experimental studies on the distribution of five sub-categories of prototypical research-oriented lexical bundles PROC_LBs, LOC_LBs, and GRP_LBs, QUAN_LBs and DESC_LBs in articles using the Kruskal-Walis H Tes. One Kruskal-Wallis H tests were conducted to find out the differences among quantitative research sub-designs with respect to the Prototypical research-oriented lexical bundle. The analysis showed that publications reporting on experimental research had a higher mean rank for PROC_LBs, LOC_LBs, and GRP_LBs, which reflects the articles' attention to methodology, causation, and empirical rigor. However, the mean rank for QUAN_LBs and DESC_LBs was greater for correlational research articles than for experimental research articles. This may be because correlational studies place more weight on exploring correlations between variables. Thus, this research can help second-language writers by pointing them in the direction of discipline- and genre-specific lexical bundles within quantitative research. Teachers can use this information to create lessons that are more specific to their student's needs, better preparing them for the varied demands of various research methods and academic fields.

Politics of Renaming NWFP: A Historical Appraisal (1947-2010)

Muhammad Ayaz, Asif Mahmood, Brigadier Dr. Muhammad Naeem Akbar Qazi — Fri, 12 Jan 2024 19:07:28 +0200

In British India, June 3, 1947 Plan brought drastic changes in politics and shaped attitudes of various political leaders. Feeling treacherous by the Indian National Congress (INC), Khudai Khidmatgars (KKs) demanded Pakhtunistan (independent state). It was not accepted by the British, the INC and All India Muslim League (AIML), led to a boycott of referendum by the KKs, still, Pakhtuns decided to join Pakistan. In post-partition era, the KKs modified their demand of Pakhtunistan with greater provincial autonomy within the state and renaming of the province later as Pakhtunkhwa instead of Pakhtunistan. The KKs political counteracts have doubts that they were on the track of separation in the facade of province’s renaming. In fact, this was not the real matter. They were moving towards integration. However, they were looking for an identity by renaming of the province like Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and Bengal. As the authority was not satisfied with the demand of Pakhtunistan because of its pre-partition record, the demanding name for the province was changed to “Pakhtunkhwa” during Zia’s regime. In April 2010, the Eighteenth Amendment to 1973 constitution was passed and the NWFP was renamed as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This paper will analyze renaming issue of the NWFP from independence of Pakistan considering parliamentary struggle.

Blasphemy Laws in Contemporary Legal Systems

Asif khan, Nagina Riaz, Muhammad Usman — Tue, 16 Jan 2024 09:20:35 +0200

Blasphemy laws have been a subject of controversy and debate across numerous legal systems globally. This research article aims to delve into the complexities and implications surrounding blasphemy laws within contemporary legal frameworks. It explores the historical context, current status, and the evolving nature of these laws, analyzing their impact on freedom of expression, religious harmony, and societal cohesion. Additionally, the article examines diverse cultural perspectives, international standards, and the challenges in reconciling freedom of speech with the protection of religious sentiments. It evaluates recent trends, debates, and reforms pertaining to blasphemy laws in various countries, shedding light on the legal, social, and ethical dimensions of this contentious issue.

Empowering E-Learning: Navigating Readiness and Engagement through ICT Mastery and Self-Directed Learning

Iqra Aslam, Dr. Naeema Arzeen, Dr. Saima Arzeen — Tue, 16 Jan 2024 19:31:18 +0200

The aim of this study was to investigate how ICT self-efficacy and self-directed learning influence e-learning readiness and student engagement among middle and late adolescents. Data were collected from a diverse group of students in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, including those from schools, colleges, and universities, using a convenient sampling technique. The total sample consisted of 300 students, including 144 boys and 156 girls, aged between 15 and 21. For this study, participants completed a consent form, provided demographic information, and responded to the following scales: ICT self-efficacy scale (ICTSES; Alahakoon & Somaratne, 2020), self-directed learning with technology scale (SDLTS; Teo et al., 2010), e-learning readiness scale (ELRS; Alem et al., 2016), and student engagement scale (SES; Lee, Song, & Hong, 2019).The findings of this study revealed that self-directed learning significantly mediated the relationship between ICT self-efficacy and e-learning readiness, as well as student engagement. However, ICT self-efficacy did not demonstrate a significant moderating effect on the relationship between e-learning readiness and student engagement.

From Byte to Bail: Assessing Challenges and Opportunities in AI-Driven Criminal Justice Systems

Sohail Zafar Sipra, Dr. Muhammad Ihsan Ilahi, Muhammad Imran Khan — Tue, 16 Jan 2024 20:15:25 +0200

This research article delves into the evolving relationship between criminal law and artificial intelligence (AI), examining the challenges and opportunities that arise as AI technologies become increasingly integrated into legal systems. As AI applications continue to advance, the legal landscape faces novel issues related to accountability, bias, privacy, and the fundamental principles of criminal justice. This article analyzes the current state of affairs, evaluates key legal considerations, and proposes recommendations to ensure the responsible and ethical deployment of AI in criminal law. The qualitative research methodology has been applied to following article.

Economic Relations between Pakistan and Russia (2000-2022): An Analysis

Barkat Ali, Dr. Sarfaraz Khan, Rashid Ahmad, Zahid Nasir — Tue, 16 Jan 2024 21:00:12 +0200

The basic aims of the study to examine the evolving economic relations between Pakistan and Russia (2000-2022): aiming to provide an insightful analysis of the bilateral dynamics. Pakistan and Russia, historically distant in their diplomatic ties, have witnessed a noteworthy transformation in their economic engagement over the years. The study places a particular focus on economic aspects, including trade patterns, investment flows, and their impact on both nations. The mutual trade increase between Pakistan and Russia from just US$ 69.64 Million in 2001, to $920 Million in 2022, but there is constantly increase in Pakistan trade deficit which reached to US $772 Million in 2022. The studies also predict the future trend of Pakistan-Russia bilateral trade for the year 2030. Additionally, the study touches upon the evolution of Russia-Pakistan energy relations, emphasizing Russia's substantial contributions to Pakistan's energy sector and economic development through strategic agreements and collaborations facilitated by the Pakistan-Russia Inter-Governmental Commission (IGC).

Crossing Borders, Bridging Gaps: Environmental Law in the Realm of International Trade

Andleeb Anwar, Muneeba Faizan Nazim, Maseeh Ullah — Tue, 16 Jan 2024 21:12:35 +0200

This research article delves into the intricate relationship between environmental law and international trade, examining the challenges and opportunities presented when these two spheres intersect. The globalization of trade has brought about unprecedented economic growth but has also raised concerns about its impact on the environment. This article analyzes the existing legal frameworks, explores gaps in their effectiveness, and suggests potential avenues for bridging these gaps to create a more sustainable and harmonious coexistence between international trade and environmental conservation.

Threads of Swat: Rediscovering the Beauty of Islampuri Shawls

Tue, 16 Jan 2024 22:03:32 +0200

The craft industry has thrived for centuries in the picturesque Swat Valley. Among the various artisanal endeavours, the shawl industry has garnered worldwide renown, thanks to its innovative techniques in craftsmanship. Weaving shawls in Swat is a time-honoured tradition, a craft that artisans have honed across generations. Woollen shawls hold universal appeal, transcending age, gender, and nationality boundaries.

The primary aim of this research was to uncover the fundamental methodologies employed by local artisans in Swat Valley for crafting shawls. Within this paper, we delve into the intricate process of wool transformation, spanning from the initial fibre processing to the ultimate creation of the shawl, meticulously detailing each stage from spinning to finishing.

Political Empowerment of Women in Pakistan (1947-1988)

Dr. Mansoor Ahmed, Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Shahzad, Muhammad Asif, Ujalaa Rashid — Tue, 16 Jan 2024 22:21:45 +0200

Pakistan is an Islamic country, situated in south Asia having more than 49 percent women population according to last official census. This paper attempts to explore the steps taken by the respective governments from 1947 till 1988 for politically empowering women. The span of the study is divided into two section, pre and post 1971. This year 1971 is taken as bench mark year because it was in this year that Eastern part of the country liberated itself from the rest of the country on the ground of being politically deprived. This study attempts to answer the question that whether this separation resulted in increased political empowerment for female that remained in Pakistan after 1971. This separation was significant for the country as post-1971 now Pakistan had more than 96 percent Muslim population compared to nearly 70 percent in pre-1971. While going through the Assembly debates, promulgated legislations and newspaper clipping this study will reach to its conclusions. This paper while going the political developments in these years attempts to concludes that separation of East Pakistan resulted in overall increase in steps taken towards women political empowerment in Post-1971 Pakistan compared to the Pakistan that was prior to 1971.

Exploring the Effectiveness of Online Assessment Methods in Higher Education

Dr. Ayesha Afzal, Fiza Zia, Shahzadi Aroosh Khan — Wed, 17 Jan 2024 10:35:57 +0200

This research investigates the impact of online assessments on student perceptions, performance, and engagement in private universities in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Grounded in the positivist paradigm, the study adopts a cross-sectional survey design with stratified random sampling, involving 520 students across diverse disciplines. Findings reveal overwhelmingly positive student perceptions, emphasizing the convenience, confidence, fairness, and engagement facilitated by online assessments. The study demonstrates a strong positive relationship between online assessments, academic outcomes, and motivation. Additionally, students express high satisfaction with the quality and impact of online feedback. The research contributes valuable insights into the evolving landscape of online assessments, emphasizing their significance in enhancing student learning experiences and outcomes. Institutions are recommended to implement strategies aimed at optimizing online assessment practices.

An Iconographic Study of Women's Representation in Gandhara Civilization Art along with the Silk Road.

Nawal Fatima , Jawaria Afzal , Miss Xiang Yang, Muaaz Sayed — Thu, 18 Jan 2024 15:08:05 +0200

This research employs an iconographic method to examine how women are depicted in the art of the Gandhara Civilization. The primary objectives of this study are to identify the symbols and motifs used to represent women in Gandharan art and to comprehend the cultural and societal values that are reflected in the artwork. The data for this qualitative research include images of Gandharan art in the form of sculptures and carvings on stones. These images were obtained from online resources, such as books and articles published between 2005 and the present. Although the research material on Gandhara is limited, the study helps to shed light on the status of women in Gandhara culture. The analysis of the data focuses on recognizing and interpreting the symbols and motifs in the artwork, taking into account their historical and cultural context, and understanding the broader cultural and societal values that are conveyed through the portrayal of women. For obtaining the secondary data, open-ended interviews of those people were conducted, who directly or indirectly linked with Gandhara research. The research concludes with a summary of the findings supported by the evidence gathered during the analysis. This study enhances the field of art history and provides a more comprehensive comprehension of how women are represented in Gandharan art.

Key words: Gandhara, women, iconography, iconographic analysis, civilization

Patent Harmonization and International Treaties

Muhammad Hamza Zakir , Syed Hammad Khan, Sajida, Salman Shahzad — Sat, 20 Jan 2024 11:32:58 +0200

In a world where technology connects us all, patent systems play a crucial role in fostering innovation and safeguarding intellectual property. Yet, the variation in patent regulations across different countries presents obstacles for creators, sectors, and economies involved in worldwide networks of innovation. Patent harmonization is the idea of bringing together patent laws and procedures in different places to create a more organized and effective patent system. It is seen as a strategic approach to promote consistency and streamline the patent landscape.

Exploring Otherness in Sidhwa's "The Trouble Easers": An Examination from an Orientalist Lens

Rimsha Qamar , Sahil Anwar , Yasir Ahmad — Sat, 20 Jan 2024 13:02:09 +0200

This study investigates and analyses the story of Bapsi Sidhwa, the Trouble Easer. The story focuses on the suffering of poor Muslim woodcutters and the effects of Zoroastrian angles in the short story Bapsi Sidhwa, The Trouble Easers. This study review investigates the prime work of Sidhwa, explicitly zeroing in on her conspicuous short story. This analysis shows how Muslims are otherized by Persians due to the war of the 7th century. This research used an analytical and descriptive inquiry approach, with the events and activities in the short narrative being analysed to finish the research. This study scrutinizes the otherness theory by Edward Said and Beverly Tatum. The discord between two religions worthy of attention highlights Sidhwa's marvelous artistry for Persians. The purpose of this comprehension analysis is to highlight the otherness of this very unique work. This study investigates the distinct religions, i.e., Pir Khurkain (a Muslim poor woodcutter), Mushkil e Asaan, and Behram Yazad (a Zoroastrian angel). The character of a Muslim was shown as poor but becoming rich and king by the grace of Zoroastrian angels. It is understood by studying the text that the writer highlights the relationship of Muslims towards Persians, but in trouble, even Persian angels helped the Muslims.

The Role of Information and Communication Technology at the Intermediate level in District Sialkot

Fayiza Parveen, Shajar Abbas, Dr. Khawaja Hisham-Ul-Hassan, Saqib Raza — Sat, 20 Jan 2024 13:27:02 +0200

This research scholar article aims to explore the role of information and communication technology (ICT) at the intermediate level in District Sialkot, Pakistan. The integration of ICT in the education sector has been recognized as a beneficial tool for enhancing the quality of education and contributing to the development of human capital. However, the acceptance and use of ICT in educational settings, particularly in remote and less developed areas such as District Sialkot, need a complete understanding of the influences that effect the acceptability and use of ICT. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), developed by Davis in 1989, is a theoretical outline from a qualitative perspective for understanding the adoption and usage of ICT in the educational context. According to the TAM, two main elements influence individuals’ inclination to use technology: perceived usefulness and ease of use. This study would apply the TAM to the specific context of the intermediate level in District Sialkot to provide keen thought into the issues that influence the acceptance and utilization of ICT and to inform strategies for overcoming barriers to its effective integration in the region. The research article is composed of the data collected through qualitative interviews with selected principals of governmental institutions of the intermediate level. The study would also draw on existing literature to deliver an inclusive and in-depth understanding of the role of ICT at the intermediate level in District Sialkot, grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model. The findings of the study contribute to the existing literature on the adoption and use of ICT in educational settings, inform policy decisions to enhance the quality of education and contribute to the development of the region.

Representation of Hegemonic Masculinity in Lillias Hamilton’s A Vizier’s Daughter; A Tale of the Hazara War

Aqsa Muhammed , Sahil Anwar , Farah Momi — Sun, 21 Jan 2024 09:04:35 +0200

This paper aims hegemonic masculinity in novel written by Lillias Hamilton, "A Vizier’s Daughter: A Tale of the Hazara War," conventional in the male-dominant Pashtun state of Afghanistan during the 1890s. The study utilizes R.W. Connell's collaborative critiques and applies hegemonic masculinity in the specific context of Afghanistan. Employing a qualitative methodology, the research employs close reading to analyze the portrayal of Pashtun hegemony in the novel. The Pashtuns in the narrative depict the Hazara as inferior, oppressed, and migrant, contrasting with the Hazara's self-perception of freedom. The character of Gul Begum exemplifies the consequences of Pashtun hegemony, suffering from oppression by characters like Ferad Shah. The findings highlight the Pashtuns' view of Hazara as sub-citizens, considering them inferior, enslaved, migrant, and laborers. The research underscores the evident hegemonic approach of the Pashtuns towards the Hazara, portraying them as outsiders and subordinates, oppressed and suppressed within the Afghan societal framework.

Rhetoric of a Populist in Power: An Exploration of the Construction of Identities in Imran Khan’s Political Imaginary (2018-2022)

Muhammad Shahab ud Din , Dr. Waqar Ilahi , Dr. Ehtaisham Ahmed Khan — Mon, 22 Jan 2024 19:52:30 +0200

Imran Khan, former Prime Minister of Pakistan (2018-2022), has been hailed by many as a populist leader. This made it compulsory to apply a theory of populism on his political personality. For this purpose, Jan Werner Müller’s theory of populism was employed. 10 speeches of different kinds given by Khan while he was in power were selected for discourse analysis. For discourse analysis, Ruth Wodak’s Discourse Historical Approach (DHA) was used. It was found that Khan considers the society to be ultimately divided into two homogenous and antagonistic groups (the real people and the corrupt elite) based on moral legitimacy and illegitimacy. It is noteworthy that, in Khan's political worldview, these social divisions extend beyond individual entities such as himself, the general populace, or fellow politicians, as institutions also undergo dynamic shifts in it over time. For asserting extreme antagonism between these two social camps, Khan mostly uses superlative language. It was found that Khan emphasizes more on his imagined moral legitimacy to power rather than empirical legitimacy.

Role of Social Media in Perpetuating Bullying in Pakistan

Sibghat Ullah Khattak, Mohammad Ilyas, Sonia, Irfan Ullah — Mon, 22 Jan 2024 20:19:50 +0200

This study explores the role of social media in perpetuating bullying in the context of Pakistan. The study aims to examine the prevalence and forms of cyber bullying, to determine the relationship between social media usage patterns and cyber bullying behaviours to highlight factors which contribute into the perpetuation of cyber bullying using social media and to explore the emotional and psychological impact of cyber bullying on victims, in the context of Pakistan. The study has employed a secondary qualitative methodology to provide effective prevention and intervention strategies to mitigate cyber bullying of social media platforms in Pakistan. The study findings have revealed that cyber bullying is the primary issue and mitigating strategies are necessary in Pakistan. The study results have provided crucial strategies to prevent and implement strategies to mitigate cyber bullying cases in Pakistan. The study implications are useful for the practitioners and policy makers to identify the issue and implement strategic solutions.

Exploring the Efficacy of Unani System of Medicine In Tehsil Adenzai District Lower Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Intisar Hussain, Dr. Farhan Ahmad Faiz, Mujeeb ur Rahman — Tue, 23 Jan 2024 20:24:12 +0200

This study addresses the use of Unani medicine and challenges toward this system in the contemporary world. The study is conducted in Tehsil Adenzai which is located in District Lower Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The aim of conducting this study in the mentioned universe was that there are many Unani physicians in that area and they are practicing this system of medicine for many years. The study is qualitative in nature in which purposive sampling is used and face to face interview were conducted using interview guide. A total of 10 interviews were conducted based on saturation point. The finding reveals that Unani system of medicine is present in the area from many decades, they have unique form of diagnosing a disease and mostly uses herbal medicine to cure disease. Unfortunately, the Unani system of medicine faces problem in the contemporary world such there is no research and development in the field.

Influence of Monitoring and Evaluation by Principals on Teachers' Performance in Public Sector Secondary Schools of District East, Karachi

Farheen Shakir, Dr. Ahmad Saeed — Tue, 23 Jan 2024 21:02:23 +0200

ABSTRACT

This research investigated the “Influence of Monitoring and Evaluation by Principals on Teachers' Performance in Public Sector Secondary Schools of District East, Karachi." Teachers' effectiveness significantly impacts students' learning outcomes, and the pivotal role of principals in enlightening an environment conducive to effective teaching practices is widely acknowledged. School Heads Monitoring and Evaluation practices and teachers' performance were identified as the independent variables and as the dependent variable. The study adopted a mixed research design, employing both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The research population was all district East Karachi, comprising a total sample of sixty-six participants—sixty teachers and six principals. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS, encompassing descriptive, MANOVA, and multiple regression analyses. Additionally, qualitative data were analyzed thematically by coding. Ethical considerations in this study prioritize the rights, privacy, and informed consent of the participants. The overarching goal of this research was to bridge the gap between the theoretical ideals of monitoring and their practical implementation, offering valuable insights and recommendations for a more proactive approach. Quantitative findings highlighted high internal consistency in the questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha = 0.936) and varying teacher perceptions. While a positive correlation existed between classroom observations and teacher performance indicators (r = 0.185), MANOVA exhibited a significant influence of evaluation rubrics on teachers' performance with a value of 0.961. Regression analysis identified that the frequency of classroom observations and the principal's educational leadership significantly influenced teachers' beliefs, while perceived feedback effectiveness did not. Qualitative insights from interviews with principals revealed diverse approaches, emphasizing the importance of structured evaluation frameworks in enhancing teaching quality in Public Sector Secondary Schools. Ultimately, the study aims to contribute towards enhancing educational outcomes within District East, Karachi, by proposing measures to improve the implementation of Monitoring and Evaluation practices in Public Sector Secondary Schools.

KEYWORDS

Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E), Teachers' Performance, Public Secondary Schools

Exploring Environmental Consciousness in Uzma Aslam Khan’s Fiction the Geometry of God

Sonan Sajjal, Faiqa Khan — Tue, 23 Jan 2024 21:41:26 +0200

This research examines Pakistani fiction from an environmental perspective, with a specific focus on the literary works of Uzma Aslam Khan. Through this inquiry, the research underscores Khan's substantial commitment to environmental themes, which in turn initiates conversations and dialogues pertaining to environmental concerns within the realm of contemporary Pakistani English-language fiction. The core of this analysis revolves around Khan's novel, "The Geometry of God" (2009). Within the scope of this research, our objective is to unveil how the "state" engages in eco-political discussions and the detrimental environmental consequences that impact society within Pakistan. This exploration entails scrutinizing the interconnections between Western imperialism, governmental policies, global climate change, and the indigenous communities. Our argument posits that Khan's culturally specific eco-critical awareness holds global relevance, effectively engaging readers in addressing environmental concerns, particularly through the portrayal of young characters in her selected novels. This unique contribution to the field of literature underscores Khan's distinctive role in advancing Pakistani ecocriticism.

The story of Pakistani labour migration to Gulf Countries

Dr. Sanchita Bhattacharya — Tue, 23 Jan 2024 21:56:51 +0200

In terms of Labour Migration, it can be said that migrant workers help foster the growth and development of their destination nations, while their countries of origin gain immensely from their earnings and the skills acquired throughout their migration experience. The labour force and employment condition of Pakistan is similar with any other developing countries of Asia. The population of Pakistan is increasing and the majority of populace are living in villages. The country has inadequate job opportunities and the selection in jobs is not purely done on a merit basis. The Gulf States, with their vast oil wealth, have provided unparalleled financial prospects for Pakistani skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers, mainly in the infrastructure and construction field. Interestingly, years of service and residency in Gulf countries does not get rewarded in the form of citizenship. Moreover, the Kafala system of foreign labour sponsorship binds Pakistani migrant workers in the Gulf states to their employers, who are in charge of their visa and legal status. To keep a tight eye on the foreign labor force, the system was implemented. Prevalent racism is visible in everyday life in Gulf countries and reinforced by inherently prejudiced racist legal schemes that make it difficult for people to escape the malicious cycle. Consequently, the MOPHRD requires a devoted team of experts to manage with Pakistani government agencies and transnational investors and to take appropriate measures for improving the condition of Pakistani workers in Gulf.

People's Perception about Media Reporting on Constitutional Issue: A Study Based on Gilgit Baltistan.

Zakir Hussain, Abrar Hussain, Sajid Hussain — Thu, 25 Jan 2024 20:17:48 +0200

This survey research study examines the demographic, organizational, personal social, and professional characteristics of 110 journalists in Gilgit-Baltistan during a period of political change from constitutional anarchy to a democratic, relatively free press system. The study focuses on the limitations and sufferings faced by journalists in performing their professional responsibilities and the future possibilities of their role in national development. The research uses a quantitative survey method and a self-design questionnaire to collect data from 110 journalists from 10 districts of Gilgit-Baltistan. Most journalists are male, young, well-educated, employed by private media, and have over three years of job seniority. They are underpaid, less secure, and committed to their profession, but deny complete freedom and professional autonomy. They are also apprehensive about the role of government and professional journalistic bodies in the development of media in the region. Many journalists in Gilgit-Baltistan are between 40 and 50 years old, with a decreasing number of journalists joining the field. Most journalists are paid between 10k to 20k PKR and hold master's degrees. Over 90% of journalists who perform their responsibilities as watchdogs have not studied journalism in their educational careers. The study explores the professional environment and ground available for journalists in an unconstitutional region.

Artistic Review of Human Skills as an Expression of Performing Arts in Traditional and Modern Circus

Farwah Batool, Rohail Rahat, Muhammad Ali — Sun, 28 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The present research aims to explore the concept of circus within the context of theatrical entertainment from its origin to evolution in Pakistan and West. The cardinal focus of this article is to observe and evaluate the contribution of Lucky Irani Circus being the most famous big top in Pakistan in the field of performing arts. Secondly, it also takes into account how Lucky Irani Circus in Pakistan is different from West in terms of various continuous and modified performances and human skills both in traditional and modern perspectives. A variety of the most significant and celebrated acts as human skills performed around the world and investigated in this research include riding a unicycle, human pyramid, iron jaw act, flying trapeze performance, rola bola act, tight wire walking, knife throwing, and majestic aerial dance. The article concludes Lucky Irani Circus is the best demonstration of performing arts through human skills both in traditional as well as modern types of circus. In the traditional forms of entertainment, Lucky Irani Circus is one of the few ones.

The comparative study of coping strategies in single parent adolescents in orphanage and domestic homes

Amna Syed, Dr Wajiha Yasir — Sun, 28 Jan 2024 20:08:47 +0200

The current study is the comparison of coping strategies between single parent adolescent orphans living in orphanages and domestic homes. The Study used Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (Carver, 1997) for data collection.. The sample consisted of 314 participants. The findings of the study revealed that coping strategies in single parent adolescents in domestic homes are better than single parent adolescents in orphanage . The findings of the current study would be helpful for psychologists, psychiatrists and mental health workers to design a treatment plan for low self-esteem, socioemotional skills and coping strategies in orphans living in orphanages as well as domestic homes.

Ecological Consciousness in English Language Teaching: A Case Study of English Teachers at SBKWU, Quetta, through the Lens of Stibbe's Concepts

Gul Khanda, Dr Fouzia Janjua, Dr. Khursheed Ahmad, Dr Zahid Ali — Sun, 28 Jan 2024 20:54:17 +0200

Life in a natural setting allow societies to share knowledge and stories entail values independent of any awareness, interest, or appreciation of it by a conscious being (Naess & Guattari, 1986). Therefore, the language of stories determines critical thinking in specific social context (Okri, 1996). Hence the objectives of the study explored the culture of teaching that treats ecological perspectives and their need to be promoted in English department at Sardar Bahadur Khan Women’s University, Quetta. Current study asserts teachers awareness about the stories as mental modals and their language relationship to address ecological challenges in undergraduate classroom. The theoretical framework of Stibbe, (2021) Mental Modal embedded an influence on how cultural and educational context treats the ecosystem and gives awareness about the language of stories that exist in communities live by through their social context. The research determines to capture the perceptions of English department teachers using a thorough survey that makes use of qualitative approach. An in-depth interviews were recorded for the knowledge of the individualized experiences, attitudes, and convictions that respond to their culture of teaching and its promotion in pervasive rage of knowledge about their local environment in diverse language learning classroom through interpretative approach. The study concluded that teaching culture in Quetta is diverse with multiple challenges and issues existing in educational environment therefore, teachers seen to rise their focus on communication and human relations with the environment, particularly with the ways that help undergraduate students to shape their mental models explicitly about ecological sustainability as primary values for beneficial new stories to live by in emerging 21st century educational context.

War Crimes and the Principle of Complementarity: Balancing National Prosecutions with International Tribunals

Faiza Chaudri, Saqiba Saleem, Anum Shahid — Mon, 29 Jan 2024 16:40:47 +0200

This comprehensive law article delves into the historical evolution of war crimes, the establishment of international tribunals, and the pivotal Principle of Complementarity embedded in the Rome Statute. Focused on maintaining a delicate equilibrium between national prosecutions and international tribunals, the article explores the benefits and challenges associated with each approach. Through case studies and an analysis of the Principle of Complementarity in action, the article provides insights into the complexities of achieving justice for war crimes. Recommendations for enhancing complementarity are presented, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts to address challenges faced by both national and international judicial systems. As the global community continues its pursuit of accountability for war crimes, the article underscores the ongoing importance of the Principle of Complementarity in fostering a comprehensive and effective legal framework.

Balancing Justice: Exploring the Interface of Crime and Human Rights

Sidra Kanwel, Dr Saeedah Shah, Sarjeet Singh oad — Mon, 29 Jan 2024 16:51:44 +0200

This research article explores the intricate interface between crime and human rights, examining the challenges and opportunities for achieving a delicate balance in legal systems. Grounded in historical perspectives, the analysis navigates the evolution of international human rights instruments and their integration into domestic legal frameworks. The study scrutinizes fundamental human rights in the context of criminal justice, investigating the complexities of criminalization and its potential impact on individual liberties. Procedural safeguards and due process are evaluated as pivotal elements in upholding fair trials and protecting human rights within legal proceedings. Furthermore, the article explores alternatives to traditional incarceration, emphasizing rehabilitation and community-based approaches. In the context of emerging issues, the research addresses the implications of technology on the interface of crime and human rights, including surveillance, data privacy, and artificial intelligence in criminal justice. By weaving together these diverse threads, the article contributes to the ongoing discourse on achieving justice while respecting and safeguarding fundamental human rights in a dynamic global landscape.

Pashtun Ethnic Chauvinism in Lillias Hamilton’s A Vizier’s Daughter: A Tale of the Hazara War

Sahil Anwer, Dr. Irfan Ali Shah , Riaz Uddin — Mon, 29 Jan 2024 20:24:17 +0200

A Vizier’s Daughter: A Tale of the Hazara War, a Victorian novel, set in the multiethnic state of Afghanistan, depicts ethnic chauvinism between the Pashtun and Hazara in the 1890s. The Pashtuns, the largest Sunni plurality, founded and consolidated Afghanistan, while, the Hazaras, a Shia minority, are considered migrants. Gul Begum, the Protagonist, including her people are suppressed and oppressed. Gul Begum is sold as servant from one Pashtun to another. The Pashtun ethnic chauvinistic perception is evident in the textual treatment of the novel. Retaining the fundamental precepts of Edward Said's Orientalism, this article employs the lens of internal orientalism. Qualitative method is used to analyze the ethnic chauvinism. It is found that the Pashtun characters consider the Hazaras as inferior, subordinate, and migrants, though, the Hazaras reflect themselves free of all subordination and inferiority. Gul Begum suffers a lot due to the chauvinistic treatment by the Pashtun characters, considering her as sub-citizens. The article concludes that the ethnic-chauvinistic perception by the Pashtun towards the Hazara in the novel is manifested through, enslavement, suppression, and oppression.

The Impact of ‘Charter of Democracy’ on Democratic Stability in Pakistan

Tariq Amin, Dr. Khan Faqir — Tue, 30 Jan 2024 08:42:38 +0200

This paper attempts to examine the implications of the signing of the Charter of Democracy (COD) between the Pakistan Peoples’ Party (PPP) and the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) on democratic stability in Pakistan. Signifying a historic shift, these two major political adversaries, for the first time in Pakistan’s political history, set aside their conventional rivalry, competition, and opposition to collaborate in establishing a political consensus aimed at enhancing democratic stability. This collaboration involved the agreement on formulating comprehensive policy goals, which were mutually committed to and consensually implemented. This qualitative study has employed the theoretical framework of consociational democracy, with the primary data collected through semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated that the implementation of COD not only stabilized democracy and promoted constructive cooperation among political parties but also brought about structural changes through constitutional amendments in the political system. These changes transformed the system to address longstanding concerns about the previously centralized structure of small provinces to a large extent. Consequently, the country experienced relative political stability, with two elected governments completing their terms and a peaceful transfer of power from one elected government to another.

The Crucial Role of Institutions in Fostering Social Entrepreneurship in Developing Nations

Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad, Zuhaib Ali, Shamsa Kanwal , Prof. Dr. Sudhair Abbas Bangash — Thu, 01 Feb 2024 20:27:37 +0200

Social entrepreneurship, characterized by its dual commitment to generating social impact and financial sustainability, has emerged as a potent force for addressing multifaceted challenges in developing nations. This research paper delves into the dynamic interplay between social entrepreneurship and institutional environments within these regions. In the context of developing nations, social entrepreneurs often confront formidable obstacles, including inadequate infrastructure, limited access to capital, regulatory complexities, and cultural norms that can hinder their progress. Central to this investigation is the pivotal role that institutions play in fostering social entrepreneurship. Institutions encompass government agencies, legal frameworks, financial entities, and civil society organizations, collectively shaping the ecosystem in which social entrepreneurs operate. This paper provides an extensive exploration of the manifold ways in which institutions can support and catalyze social entrepreneurship. This includes the creation of supportive legal structures, facilitation of access to capital, provision of education and training programs, enactment of policies incentivizing social entrepreneurship, promotion of collaboration, and advocacy for heightened awareness.

Shah Waliullah’s Legacy and Impact on Frontier Socio-Religious Mobilization

Dr. Syed Waqar Ali Shah, Dr. Muhammad Daniyal Khan, Dr. Muhammad Tariq — Fri, 02 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Eighteen century is commonly known as the century of revolutionary movements on the scientific and political grounds. Before the death of Aurangzeb, there was one center in south asian Muslim empire from Qandahar to Assam, the succeeding years had no example of such a great Empire. The contributions of Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi (1564-1624) and Shah Waliullah (1702-1762) were remarkable to understand and interpret Islam in true spirit. The on-going popular religion in Indian culture was actively criticized which was the result of the expected powers of the saints, worship of their tombs and sacrifice of animals to any other than God. The Ulama who were in the circle of these prominent Sufis have considerable influence and played a key role in shaping the social and religio-political life of Pakhtun s. They not only struggled to save Pakhtun territories from the Sikhs but also attempted for reformation of the prevailing adopted practices of the local ulama. The present study aims at clarifying whether or not the Pakhtun ’s resistance trend was influenced by Shah Waliullah thoughts. It also sheds light on the Shah Waliullah’s relations with the Pakhtun ulama, mashaikh and elites of that time. Socio-religious reforms according to Waliullahi thoughts through mujahidin movement and their impact on Pakhtun culture. The study is based on locals’ narrative, official records of Sikh army, India Office Library Record; and personal collections of Ulama and Mashaikh. The paper will help in tracing the historical roots of the process of socio-religious mobilization, reformation and militant resistance against Sikhs and British in frontier.

Two Dialects, One Region: A Study of Punjabi Variations in Selected Regions of Sahiwal

Tanzeela, Hafiz Muhammad Talha Shafiq, Muhammad Naseer — Fri, 02 Feb 2024 20:19:54 +0200

This research focuses on the differences in phonological, lexical and morpho-syntactic features of two different villages (A & B) in Punjab, Pakistan. These villages are located in District Sahiwal of Pakistani Punjab. This research aims to describe the most prominent differences between the two dialects because these dialects sometimes behave like the identity of some proper regions. Further, this study discussed the differences in the use of specific linguistic characters that were analyzed from undefined conversations from both villages. Two groups from two villages were recorded, with each group consisting of 15 men. The presence of differences at the lexical, phonological and morpho-syntactic levels in each dialect was described. The conclusion of this research is clear that dialects make a single word pronunciation and its meaning varies at different points.

خوشحال خان خٹک کی شاعری پر قرآن و حدیث کے اثرات

بی بی فاطمہ, ڈاکٹر ستار خان خٹک — Fri, 02 Feb 2024 21:06:40 +0200

Khushal Khan Khattak is the founder of Pashto language and Pashto literature. He is famous as a warrior poet in the history of world. He is called the owner of the pen (Sahib-e-Saif wa Qalam). His poetry has many unique characteristics. These characteristics include Patriotism, Romantic, Verse composed during imprisonment, sycophancy, encomium, satire, hunting, ostentation, sexology and songs of love. Khushal Khattak was a very great lover. He was very fond of effeminate beauty. Khushal Khan Khattak wrote about twenty-two thousand verses in Pashto. About half of his poetry is consisted on religious topics. It is obvious from the study of his poetry that he was a very great religious scholar. Indeed, he was a revivalist on the pashtoon belt. He was a great scholar of Islamic law (Fiqha) Khushal Khan Khattak translated the famous book Hidaya from Arabic in to Pashto verses. This poetic intelligible simple and easy to the common reader. He wrote hundreds of verses in the praise of almighty Allah and in the praise of Prophet of Islam. He wrote hundreds of verses in the praise of the prophet’s companions. He wrote elegiac verses in the praise of Ahl-e-Bait. Thousands of verses are found on preaching and advice. Hundreds of Quranic allusions are found in his poetry. Indeed, Khushal Khan Khattak was a great religious scholar. He preached pure Islam.

Consumer attitude towards Informal E-commerce: A case of Emerging Economy

Sat, 03 Feb 2024 20:05:03 +0200

Due to the Coronavirus, several enterprises that had little or no internet sales previously have launched their online storefronts, making up the majority of their sales through the internet channel. The same is true for the consumer who has never made an internet purchase before and has been compelled to modify their shopping habits. This study looks at how online informal e-commerce is accepted and used in Pakistan. This study looked into how consumers are using online and informal e-commerce to protect themselves from COVID-19. The influence of the pandemic on customer replies to informal e-commerce intention was validated by the results of a statewide online poll. This research adds to informal e-commerce and protection motivation theory literature. The findings suggest that retailers should invest in internet commerce. The conclusions of this study emphasize the importance of online commerce system management for marketers and merchants.

Impact of Stress During Research Activities on the Performance of Research Students

Rabia Tabassum, Dr. Muhammad Arshad Dahar, Dr. Qaisara Parveen — Sun, 04 Feb 2024 14:50:05 +0200

This research study is designed to examine the influence of stress on the academic performance of students of PMAS Arid University during research activities. The main objectives were to identify the level of stress during the research activities, to analyze the influence of stress on the performance . A descriptive quantitative method was used with the help of a questionnaire for research work in collecting and analyzing the data. Random sampling was used for 50 post graduated respondents with convenient sampling technique. Questionnaire was distributed and gathered personally by the researcher. The finding discovered that respondents were familiar with the nature of work. The finding also showed that research work influences the concentration on other domestic chores, and even on health. This suggests that research work may have a distracting effect on focus and attention which leads absence from classroom discussions, distracts their attention during lectures and lead to failure in completing an assignment on time.

An Ecolinguistic Reading of Ecological Eraser of Plants and Animals through Masking and Trace in the Selected Environmental Science Books

Javeria, Dr. Irfan Ali Shah, Mohammad — Sun, 04 Feb 2024 16:25:54 +0200

Abstract

This research attempts to explore the eraser of plants and animals from the selected Environmental Science textbooks. The research employs Stibbe’s model of erasure to examine how linguistic methods marginalize the world around us as well as shaping the minds of the readers. The research applies qualitative research method to examine the selected textbooks. The research identifies and explores two types of ecological erasure: mask and trace. First is mask which erases the entity in moulded form and misrepresent it. It include five techniques i.e. co-hyponymy, metaphors, transitivity pattern, metonymy and noun phrases construction. These techniques and strategies have been frequently used in the selected textbooks of environmental science at graduate level in Pakistan. Second is trace which is partial or half erasure. This type of erasure include hyponymy and massification. The researchers have tried to explore these seven methods in the selected texts through purposive sampling approach. The data has been collected from the targeted textbooks. The findings provide that the selected books have two types of erasure i.e. mask and trace. The presence of erasure varies in the selected discourse. The study suggest further research on avoiding euphemistic and problematic terms that may harm readers.

Key words: environmental science, ecology, erasure, mask, void, trace

Impact of Artificial Intelligence-based Writing Assistant on the Academic Writing Skills of University Faculty in Pakistan

Dr. Munawwar Ahmed, Muhammad Siddique, Tahira Yasmin — Mon, 05 Feb 2024 09:12:18 +0200

The aim of the study was to assess the artificial intelligence-based writing assistant on academic writing skills of faculty members. A qualitative approach (Netnography) was employed to conduct the research. The convenient sampling technique was used to select the sample. The sample of the study was consisted of 65 faculty members. There were six universities (4 Public and 2 Private) and two departments (English, 30 faculty members and Education, 35 faculty members) for sample selection. Netnographer used asynchronous tool What’s app to collect the data. A semi structured interview schedule was shared within the What’s app groups of faculty members. The interview schedule was comprised of four questions. The results of the study highlighted the positive impact of AI-based writing assistants on faculty members' efficiency by providing instant feedback, reducing the time and effort required for proofreading and editing. The findings of this study will guide institutions and educators in adopting AI writing assistants, ultimately enhancing writing skills and streamlining the writing process.

Debunking Anthropocentrism for Environmental Justice: An Ecocritical Analysis of Richard Powers’ The Overstory

Kanza Fatima Mirza, Mehak Arfan Rana, Rehan Ahmad — Mon, 05 Feb 2024 09:29:32 +0200

This article delves into Richard Power’s most famous and acclaimed work The Overstory using ecocritical lens to unfold its intricate representation of human connections with the natural world and the challenge it poses to anthropocentric narratives. The dominant cultural, philosophical, literary and political narratives of the contemporary modern age have highly been occupied with the notion of anthropocentrism, prioritizing human perceptions, ideologies, interests and desires over those of the natural world. By closely examining the novel's theme and narrative structure, this article highlights how Powers' work convinces the readers to reconsider their perceptions about nature. Through the lens of ecocriticism, the paper dissects the characters' transformative journey confronting the anthropocentric narratives for more equitable and sustainable connections between human race and the natural ecosystem. Through this exploration, the article underscores the magnitude of The Overstory as a stimulus for reshaping outlooks on human-nature relationships. It highlights how the book, by debunking anthropocentrism, calls for a holistic review of the environment and ultimately focuses on the necessity of collective efforts for environmental justice and advocacy. In illuminating the transformative prospect of literature, this analysis underlines the role of ecocriticism in portraying a more harmonious coexistence between humanity and the non-human nature. As Powers' narrative weaves together the fates of its characters with the fate of our planet, it beckons us to re-evaluate our roles as guardians of the planet and promoter of a just, harmonious future.

Analyzing Ecological Crisis in the Selected Dystopian Fiction: An Eco-Imperial Study

Dr. Muhammad Farooq, Dr. Saiq Siddiq, Dr. Ehsanullah Danish — Mon, 05 Feb 2024 09:43:54 +0200

Environmental crisis has become one of the most serious concerns in the present time world. Whereas such issues have discussed by environmentalists, biologists and other scientists they have also appealed to literary authors. The present research discusses Canadian author, Margret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake and South Asian author, Khalid Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. The study analyzes environmental crisis in the wake of pandemic virus and war. Both bring huge destruction and leave notorious impact in the selected texts. The current study utilizes the notions of eco-imperialism and ecofeminism within the broader framework of eco-criticism. The study concludes that both; land and women have been manipulated and environmental crisis resulted due to negligent practices of men.

The Geopolitical Chessboard: Unpacking the Consequences of India-US Strategic Convergence for South Asia's Strategic Alignment

Naila Saleem, Muhammad Fahim Khan, Muhammad Ibrar — Mon, 05 Feb 2024 10:12:09 +0200

South Asia is the least interconnected area in the world as a result of regional politics between Pakistan and India. The two nuclear rivals' bickering has a detrimental effect on the peace, security, and development of the area. Major Powers have made use of these fault lines to further their geopolitical goals. The US pushes India to offer regional net security because it sees itself as an important regional power. India views China and Pakistan as impediments to its hegemonic aspirations. Its strategic endeavors have brought it closer to the US, with many economic, political, and strategic repercussions for the balance of power in South Asia, especially for Pakistan. India is attempting to tip the strategic scales in its favor in the area. It presents Pakistan with important obstacles to overcome as well as possibilities. This study intends to examine the effects of the US-India strategic alliance on the regional strategic environment, particularly Pakistan. It looks at unconventional strategies Pakistan may use to seize opportunities.

An Analysis of Parental Refusing to Child Immunization: A Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Ibrar Hussain, Imran Ahmad Sajid — Mon, 05 Feb 2024 11:19:46 +0200

The purpose of this study was to analyze the parental refusing to child immunization in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Data were collected from district Peshawar province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The data were collected from 370 respondents through close ended questionnaire by using purposive sampling technique. Furthermore, a Cronbach alpha test was carried out for checking the reliability of the tool which stood 0.72. The results show that routine immunization is very weak. Parents do not allow their children to be vaccinated for multiple reasons such as vaccination and immunization being unsafe and effective, violating religious beliefs, and worrying about the spread of HIV/other infectious diseases. Fear leads to infertility, which is harmful to our children. Not safe, worried about Western conspiracy, my doctor advised me not to vaccinate your child, and the decision making power is the father of the child, they refuse, they do not allow their child to be vaccinated. This will serve as a catalyst to dispel fears, misconceptions, myths and other fabricated stories in the minds of local residents.

Catfishng: Examining Relationship between Machvallian Beliefs and Sexual Compulsivity in online Dating: Moderated by Gender

Iqra Rasheed, Aurang Zaib, Ahmed Waleed Nawaz Malik — Mon, 05 Feb 2024 20:52:55 +0200

The current study is to check the “Catfishing; examining relationship between Machiavellian Belief and Sexual Compulsivity in online dating: Moderated by gender”. A quantitative research design used in the survey method by using a questionnaire. The data taken from individuals on different catfishing adult websites. The sample consisted of 200 individuals through the purposive sampling. A priori power analysis calculated by using G*power analysis 3.1.9 for correlation (Faul, et. al., 2007). These instruments would use to collect the data Machiavellianism scale (Christie & Geis, 1970), sexual compulsivity scale (Kalichman & David Rompa, 2001) and gender taken from demographic variable. The result indicates that there is negative correlation between sexual compulsivity and Machiavellianism. The result of linear regression indicates that there is a significant impact of impact of Machiavellianism on sexual compulsivity. The result revealed the impact of Machiavellianism and gender on sexual compulsivity. The findings reveled that Machiavellianism positively predicted sexual compulsivity. The findings reveled that Machiavellian and gender negatively predicted sexual compulsivity. The results show that there is no difference in married and unmarried on Machiavellianism and sexual compulsivity. In future it will be important to include face-to-face interviews and establish rapport to motivate participants who are catfish to discuss why they changed specific characteristics of their online profile or why they created a completely fake one and why they deceived another person in online relationship.

Headscarf Issue in France and Samuel P. Huntington’s Theory of “The Clash of Civilizations”

Shabana Yasin , Kalsoom Hanif — Mon, 05 Feb 2024 21:28:22 +0200

An American political scientist Francis Fukuyama wrote a book in 1992 “ The End of History and the Last man.” In this book Fukuyama presented the idea that after the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991 cold war has ended. In post cold war world the liberal democracy will be the final form of government.Western civilization and ideas would be dominant in all over the world.

This idea was not only rejected by another American Political scientist Samuel P. Huntington rather he presented a new theory in his Lecture at ‘American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy research’ in 1992.He said that the nation states will disappear and differences between nations will emerge on the basis of religion and culture. In his book S.P Huntington has identified seven possibly eight civilization and finally concluded that the ultimate clash would be between Western and Islamic civilizations.

Here the question arises that as Samuel P. Huntington has sketched the future politics, whether the Headscarf issue in France is a smaller reflection of a big confrontation between Islamic and Western Civilizations?

US Indo-Pacific Strategy: Implications for Pakistan

Amir Khalil, Muhammad Waqar, Muqarrab Akbar — Thu, 08 Feb 2024 09:33:44 +0200

The term Indo-pacific strategy is used to contain China in the Indo-Pacific Ocean region. The combined partnership between US and India is named as Indo-pacific strategy. India can be a counterbalance for US in the region but it would be an immense security threat for Pakistan. India is in a strong position to play a role of US ally in order to counter China in the region by keeping an eye on China in the region. The United States is backing India in its economic activities, health, and infrastructure and as well as supporting its growth in maritime security. With the patronage of US, if India got status of hegemonic power in the region, it might throw Pakistan’s stability under threat. Through this research article, the researchers will try to find out, how US-India partnership will affect Pakistan especially, its naval security? The paper explores impact of Indo- US alliance on CPEC. What could be the possible measurements taken by Pakistan, in order to counter the partnership in the region? Historical, descriptive and exploratory approaches have been used for the research. Pakistan needs a comprehensive strategy to counter the US Indo-Pacific Strategy.

Marriage, Sexual Abuse, and Domestic Violence: A Sharia perspective

Ms. Almees Jabbar , Dr. Hafsah Ayaz Qureshi — Fri, 09 Feb 2024 17:12:31 +0200

Sexual abuse within the confines of marriage has been identified as a distressing and pervasive issue with far-reaching implications for the mental health of survivors. This study explores the sexuality-related teachings of Islam in married partnerships. An essential component of human nature is the natural desire to satiate sexual cravings, and marriage is the widely accepted mean of doing so. Shariah has extensive rules that regulate a married couple's sexual interactions, with a focus on the husband's duty to show kindness and affection towards his wife. While it is required of wives to satiate their husbands' sexual demands, reciprocity requires husbands to do the same for their wives. Quran recounts a historical context marked by violence against women, including instances of sexual abuse. Practices such as zihar and lian were prevalent during the era of ignorance, exploiting women sexually. Islam, however, eradicates all forms of exploitative sexual relationships. Violations of these Islamic principles resulting in harm to women, subject to punishment in accordance with both Shariah and state laws. This study highlights various forms of sexual abuse and explores potential solutions from an Islamic standpoint. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the analysis focuses on textual data derived from the Quran and Sunnah.

Relationship between Democracy and Peace: Perception of University Students

Muqarrab Akbar, Dr. Muhammad Fawad Rasool, Saira Akram, Fatima Shahid — Sun, 11 Feb 2024 19:16:31 +0200

It is commonly perceived that democracy and peace and interdependent. A truly democratic society can have an everlasting peace. This paper explores the relationship between democracy and peace by exploring the behaviour of democratic state. Different kinds of democracy and peace are discussed in this paper. The research is being conducted to inspect that democracy leads to peace or peace leads to democracy. Democratic Peace Theory and its critics are discussed in detail in this paper. This paper explores the opinion of Mix method is used to conduct this study. Convenient sampling technique is used to conduct this research from a sample of 300 students of BS and MPhil level students of Political Science from Multan. The paper concludes that democratic states are more peaceful in resolving conflicts particularly with other democratic states. The role of individual leaders is very vital in the actions of democratic states.

بروم لیگل میگسمز اور مجلۃ الاحکام العدلیۃ کی روشنی میں قاعدہ اعتبارِ قُربِ علّت کی تعبیر، اطلاق اور انطباق کا علمی و تقابلی جائزہ

Dr. Saleem Khan — Tue, 13 Feb 2024 16:22:03 +0200

The entire edifice of Islamic jurisprudence (Al- fiqh al-Isl┐mi) is based on jurisprudential Principles (al-qaw┐’id al-fiqhiyyah) and similarly the entire structure of the Statutory Law is also based on fundamental legal Principles which is called Legal Maxims as well.

These fundamental principles played a key and vibrant role in interpretation of the legal matters and helped in gathering all these interpretations under a singal umbrella.

Hence almost all legal experts and writers have included them in their esteemed works, such as Herbert Broom, a famous law writer included them in his celebrated and renowned writing “A selections of legal maxims; Classified and Illustrated” and the Ottoman Empire adopted the same approach in its courts manual “the Ottoman Mejelle, known as Majallat al-A╒k┐m al-‘Adliyyah”

Among the aforesaid fundamental legal maxims there is a prominent and noticeable maxim related to the proximate and remote cause of any event aiming to decide the legal staus and figuring out the main reason of the said event

This study focuses on explaination and implementation of the said maxim in the light of “A selections of legal maxims; Classified and Illustrated by Herbert Broom and Majallat al-A╒k┐m al-‘Adliyyah” by the then Ottoman Empire.

Improving Speaking Skills through English Movies at Higher Secondary level

Thu, 15 Feb 2024 19:03:13 +0200

The current era is the name of globalization. Communication makes this globalization stronger. English language is the language of science and technology and is prevailing s an international language. This research aims to improve speaking skills In English at a higher secondary level. Pakistani students face difficulty communicating in English as it's not their native language. To cope with this difficulty students, need some effective ways of learning. This study focuses a on very effective and interesting way of learning by using English movies. It is qualitative research to adopt new methods for English learning. The hard work of the teachers cannot be ignored but the advancement of time demands some new methods. Adoption of a new way, learning by watching English movies with subtitles is helpful for the students to express their thoughts with in a meaningful manner. For this purpose, Students of the higher secondary level were selected randomly. Pre and posttest were designed to check the effects of movies ii learning. Results showed a significant difference in the scores of the students of the control and experimental groups. The Study concluded that there are positive and effective results of watching movies in learning of England speaking skills among the students of higher secondary level.

Evolution of Pakistan's Strategic Culture: From Jihad in Afghanistan to Paigham-e-Pakistan

Mr. Jafar Nazir, Prof. Dr. Noshad Khan, Saqib Ullah Khan — Fri, 16 Feb 2024 15:38:53 +0200

The present study explores the complex development of Pakistan's strategic culture, following its path from the "Jihad" phase of the Soviet-Afghan War to the modern values embodied in the "Paigham-e-Pakistan" philosophy. It analyzes the historical background and consequences of the Afghan Jihad critically, explaining how Pakistan's participation unintentionally increased regional instability and promoted the emergence of extremism. Seeing the need for a paradigm change, the study examines Pakistan's strategic realignment in the direction of the Paigham-e-Pakistan ideology, which emphasizes the value of inclusivity, ideological resilience, and counter-narratives in thwarting extremism and promoting regional peace. The article highlights the difficulties in this transformation, acknowledging the inherent complications of juggling geopolitics, ideology, and security imperatives. In order to fulfill Pakistan's ongoing responsibility to play a responsible global role in thwarting extremism and advancing regional stability, it ends by arguing for persistent efforts to address socioeconomic grievances, fortify governance structures, and promote regional collaboration.

Can Women Speak? A Spivakian Study of Deborah Elis’s The Bread Winner

Shahana Bari , Dr. Irfan Ali Shah, Shahtaj Iqbal khan, Hafsa Taj — Fri, 23 Feb 2024 19:57:14 +0200

This study attempts to explore voiceless and voiced struggle of the protagonist, Parvana, in Taliban dominated society depicted in Deborah Ellis, The Bread Winner. The Taliban in the selected novel, have suppressed the women, not allowing them freedom of movement and expression and the right to education. Parvana, the protagonist, remains voiceless against the Taliban’s suppression of women, however, later on, challenging their rules, becomes voiced in her struggle. The methodology applied in the work is qualitative, wherein, textual analysis of the novel is made. The theoretical framework in the work is Spivakian feminism, which highlights the suppression and oppression of the protagonist in the selected novel. The findings of the work are that Parvana, living in the repressive society, struggles against the Taliban’s suppression. She becomes voiced and like women in other society, she can have the courage to make decisions to run her life. The results show that Afghanistan remained a repressive state under the Taliban regime in terms of suppression of women.

The Effect of Parental Involvement on Students' Achievements in Pakistan, (A Mixed Method Approach)

Muhammad Tayyab, Mahboob Ahmad, Prof. Dr. Salman Masood Sheikh, Muhammad Imtiaz — Mon, 26 Feb 2024 21:08:36 +0200

Parental involvement has been an integral part of the learning activities in the dynamic environment of schools. This article investigates the effect of parental involvement on student achievements in the educational setting of schools. This research analyzes the multifaceted relationship between parental engagement and student outcomes through a comprehensive approach of mixed-method by using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Through a meticulous approach surveys, interviews and performance metrics are used to conduct a detailed analysis in 20 educational institutes in Lahore City, Pakistan. The study examines existing literature, adopts a hard data collection methodology by using quantitative as well as qualitative skills by exercising diverse analytical techniques and presents findings to understand the complex dynamics involved in parental engagement and its effect on student outcomes. The study provides valuable perspectives for teachers, parents and policymakers who aim to improve the educational experiences and learning outcomes of students in the future.

Exploring the Impact of the Pandemic on the Livelihood of Street Vendors

Rafia Iqbal, Dr. Arshad Mahmood Malik, Sabtain Iqbal — Mon, 26 Feb 2024 21:35:41 +0200

The pandemic has profoundly affected the livelihood of street vendors, exacerbating economic challenges as lockdowns and restrictions hinder their ability to earn a living. This study examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihoods of street vendors in the Rawalpindi district, focusing on the challenges faced due to work cessation. The data from 50 street vendors in rural and urban areas of Rawalpindi was collected through a Likert scale questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to analyze the impact of different factors on the livelihoods of street vendors. The pandemic's impact on street vendors is significant due to its insights into economic inequalities, the vital role of street vendors in local economies, and the need for targeted interventions to support this vulnerable group. The findings shed light on the vulnerabilities and hardships experienced by street vendors during this unprecedented crisis. The study concludes that the pandemic has significantly affected street vendors' livelihoods, resulting in financial losses, inability to meet basic needs, food insecurity, health risks, and limited access to credit and social security benefits.

Exploring the Health Behaviors of Alpha Sole Breadwinners in Lahore, Pakistan

Muzamal Tariq , Zunaira Humail Wajid, Dr. Naveeda Noreen, Ammara Naeem — Mon, 26 Feb 2024 22:05:05 +0200

“Health is wealth” literally, the saying has a great significance in the current era of post-modernism and post-pandemic. The paper aims to explore the health behaviors of sole breadwinners and alpha males in Lahore, Pakistan. In family matters males are the most prominent in decision making whether it is a financial decision or related to any family member. The traditional social construction in the modern era often leads alpha males to poor health due to the burden of responsibilities. This research mainly focuses on the males who are head of the family and sole breadwinners and indicates their preference between their health and family responsibilities. A qualitative study was conducted on males from different areas of Lahore including salesmen, businessmen and automobile mechanics who were the sole breadwinners and alphas in their families. 8 in-depth interviews were conducted after declaring a clear criterion for respondents. Respondents were those who were alpha males of families or sole breadwinners as well as having the responsibilities as head of the family. The data were collected via Purposive Sampling Technique. Initially asking the questions to ensure the proposed criterion of respondents. Those who were not on the criterion were excluded after initial questions. The researchers used a semi-structured interview guide with probing questions to reach out the saturation point until the repeated patterns emerged. Thematic analysis was used to conclude. Results indicate that the behavior of alpha males related to health is detective and they have been suffering from a lot of health problems without being attended to by any medical professional, most of the males prefer their families and children's health over their own.

Navigating Legal Frontiers: Digital Trade and Data Sovereignty in the Contemporary Legal Landscape

Nazir Ahmad, Abdul Haseeb, Saba Iqbal, Amaz Hassan — Mon, 26 Feb 2024 22:32:23 +0200

In the evolving landscape of global commerce, digital trade and data sovereignty have emerged as pivotal elements, shaping the legal, economic, and political contours of international relations. This research paper delves into the complex interplay between the burgeoning domain of digital trade and the pressing imperative of data sovereignty, navigating the new legal frontiers that these phenomena present. Through a meticulous examination of the evolution of digital trade, the conceptual underpinnings of data sovereignty, and the overarching legal frameworks that govern them, this paper sheds light on the myriad challenges and opportunities at the intersection of technology, law, and policy. The paper begins with a comprehensive overview, setting the stage for a deeper inquiry into the legal challenges posed by digital trade, including jurisdictional dilemmas, intellectual property issues, and the enforcement of diverse data protection regulations across borders. It further explores the critical role of data in national security, presenting case studies that illustrate national strategies for asserting data sovereignty while engaging in global digital trade. A significant focus is placed on international agreements and their impact on shaping the dynamics of digital trade and data sovereignty. Through an analysis of key trade agreements and the role of major international bodies like the WTO, the paper evaluates the effectiveness and limitations of current frameworks in addressing the complexities of the digital age. Technological advancements, such as blockchain and artificial intelligence, are examined for their legal implications, presenting both challenges and opportunities for the existing legal frameworks. The paper also features comparative case studies of different jurisdictions, including the EU, US, and China, offering insights into the diverse approach’s nations take in balancing digital trade with data sovereignty. Looking ahead, the paper forecasts the future trajectory of digital trade and data sovereignty, emphasizing the critical role of international cooperation and harmonization in navigating the legal frontiers posed by these developments. Policy recommendations are provided for governments, international bodies, and corporations, aiming to foster a balanced approach that promotes the growth of digital trade while respecting the imperatives of data sovereignty.

Mapping the Trajectory of Regionalism: Insights from Eurasian Geo-Strategic Landscape

Muhammad Idrees, Muhammad Yaqub — Wed, 28 Feb 2024 15:06:11 +0200

This paper explores the historical evolution of regionalism and its conceptualization in the context of international relations. The text describes three phases of regionalism: early regionalism, characterized by pre-modern exchanges based on symbolic kinship bonds; old regionalism, primarily manifested as security and economic integration organizations following World War II as a response to the anarchic nation-state system; and new regionalism, developed in the late 1980s and intensified following the end of the Cold War, as a result of globalization and the emergence of various regional groups such as NAFTA, the European Union, APEC.

Asia illustrates the Westphalian state model and serves as a pivotal region in the new-regionalism era in the context of the current global transition. There is an emphasis in the text that civilizational and cultural differences between countries in the region do not present destabilizing factors. It is the Sino-Pak-Russian Axis that is seen as an indicator of the emerging new-regionalism, especially in President Xi's One Belt One Road initiative. As a guiding principle of this new-regionalism, the concept of "Harmony under Heaven" is referenced, in contrast to the traditional Russian geopolitics based on the integration of the Heartland and Northeast Eurasia. This study examines both the historical trajectory and current manifestations of regionalism, particularly in the context of Asia's dynamic geopolitical environment and, by extension, Central Asia as well.

Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis: A Psychoanalytical Analysis of Disintegrated Schizoidal Behaviour

Shamoon Akbar Khan, Irfanullah Khan, Afaq Amin — Thu, 29 Feb 2024 21:02:12 +0200

Franz Kafka is experimental in his literary works. In his novella, The Metamorphosis (1915) he gives expression to his harsh emotional and philosophical experiences influenced by social and interpersonal relationships through the character Gregor Samsa. The Metamorphosis is the depiction of human psychology, interpersonal relationships, transformation, family bondage, and emotional attachments. The research study intends to explore different characters from the perspective of Schizoid Personality Disorder theory and the transformation of Gregor Samsa under Schizoid Personality disorder phenomena. Gregor Samsa’s death occurs due to the outside absurd world, rejection, ego loss, and lack of love. Gregor Samsa has been through all these bitter painful emotional experiences and ends in a traumatized death. His lifeless body and meaningless relationship lead him to a tragic end.

Opinions of Early Childhood Development Pediatricians Regarding Nutrition for Cognitive Development of Children in Gilgit-Baltistan

Sufiya, Syeda Quratulain, Syed Jawad Zareen Shah — Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

This research explores the opinions of early childhood development pediatricians in Gilgit-Baltistan regarding nutrition and its impact on the cognitive development of children. Recognizing the pivotal role of nutrition in the formative years, the study delves into the perspectives of pediatric experts to gain insights into their beliefs and recommendations. Main objective of the study is to investigate the perspectives of pediatricians regarding the significance of food and nutrition in the cognitive development of young children.The qualitative research paradigm is employed to conduct in-depth interviews with pediatricians, allowing for a thorough examination of their opinions on the subject.The study takes place in the unique cultural and geographical context of Gilgit-Baltistan, a region characterized by diverse ethnic groups and languages. Through purposive sampling, three pediatricians are selected based on their relevant experience and expertise. The data collection involves open-ended interviews, providing a platform for the pediatricians to articulate their views on the significance of nutrition for cognitive development.The findings reveal a consensus among the pediatricians about the critical role of a balanced diet comprising proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals in fostering cognitive skills in children. Recommendations are extended to school administrators, ECD coordinators, parents, and future researchers based on the insights gained. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for comprehensive awareness programs and strategies to ensure optimal nutrition for children in their early developmental stages, contributing to their cognitive well-being and long-term health.

Decoding Socio-Cultural Challenges Hindering Women's Engagement in Electoral Processes: A Case Study of NA.29 Peshawar

Dr. Nadia Bashir, Dr. Shumaila Ihtisham, Dr. Farmanullah — Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

This research paper, titled "Decoding Socio-Cultural Challenges Hindering Women's Engagement in Electoral Processes: A Case Study of NA-29 Peshawar," seeks to delve into the complexities of women's electoral participation within the socio-cultural context of Peshawar. By examining the barriers and enablers shaping women's involvement in electoral activities, this study aims to provide insights that can inform evidence-based strategies for promoting gender-inclusive democracy. Women have played a critical role in elections as voters, particularly in Pakhtun society. However, a number of obstacles impede them from casting their votes despite the fact that it is the civic obligation of citizens of Pakistan, irrespective of gender. As voters, women can shape the political landscape by casting their ballots for the candidates or parties that best represent their interests and values. They can use their vote to push for policies and laws that support gender equality, women's rights, and other issues that affect them and their communities. The present study includes the research findings about women's electoral participation in NA-29 Peshawar constituency in the general elections of 2018. The study aims to measure the affects of socio-cultural factor on women's meager electoral participation in the general elections of 2018.

Exploring the Experiences of School Teachers Regarding the Impact of Teaching Aids on the Learning of Elementary Students in Gilgit-Baltistan

Zakir Abbas, Noreen Fatima, Javeria Gul, Aamir Hussain — Fri, 01 Mar 2024 19:47:48 +0200

This research aims to delve into the experiences and insights of school teachers in Gilgit-Baltistan concerning the influence of teaching aids on the learning process of elementary students. In the dynamic landscape of education, the integration of teaching aids has become increasingly pivotal in enhancing the overall learning experience. This study focuses on the unique context of Gilgit-Baltistan, shedding light on the perceptions and challenges faced by school teachers in utilizing teaching aids effectively. Main objective of the study is to investigate the types of teaching aids commonly used in classrooms in Gilgit-Baltistan. The research methodology employs qualitative approaches, incorporating in-depth interviews and observations to gather rich, context-specific data. By exploring teachers' perspectives, the study seeks to identify the types of teaching aids commonly used, assess their perceived impact on students' comprehension, and unveil any challenges encountered in their implementation. Understanding these experiences will contribute valuable insights to educational practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, facilitating the development of strategies to optimize the use of teaching aids for the benefit of elementary students in Gilgit-Baltistan. The findings of this research aspire to inform educational practices, fostering an environment where teaching aids are not only employed as supplementary tools but are seamlessly integrated into the pedagogical framework, thereby nurturing a more engaging and effective learning process for elementary students in the region.

Justice beyond the Bench: Comparative Study of Dispute Resolution Councils (2017) And Alternative Dispute Resolution Councils (2020) In Khyber Pakhtunkhawa

Arif Shahbaz Khan, Shiekh Waleed Rasool, Hasnain Iqbal

This research provides a comparative study of the Dispute Resolution Council 2017 and the Alternative Dispute Resolution Act 2020. Both legislative measures aim to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in various legal systems. The basic question that this study tries to answer is, “how do Dispute Resolution Council 2017 and Alternative Dispute Resolution Act 2020 compare in optimizing dispute Resolution in Khyberpakhtunkhwa? To answer the question, this research examines the key provisions, scope, and objectives of the two acts, analyzing their similarities, differences, and impacts on dispute resolution in different jurisdictions. Further, the study evaluates the effectiveness of the Dispute Resolution Council 2017 and the Alternative Dispute Resolution Act 2020 in achieving their intended goals and explores potential areas for improvement in both legal frameworks. The study employs a qualitative approach comparatively analysing these laws, their domain and area of operation so that the courts, judges, lawyers and academia can test their potential to lessen the burden on mainstream courts. It will help legal actors to find their role in strengthening the alternative dispute resolution regime.. The findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each legislative measure, inform policymakers on potential refinements, and provide valuable insights for practitioners engaged in dispute resolution.

Competition and Welfare of Consumers: Critical Analysis of the Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

Waqas Younus, Farheen Zehra, Bahebe Hassan Abdulhakim — Sat, 02 Mar 2024 20:25:59 +0200

This article explores the persistent debates surrounding the Sherman Antitrust Act 1890, underscoring its explicit endorsement of competition as a regulatory cornerstone in commerce. Drawing on pivotal cases like NCAA v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Okla. (1958) and City of Lafayette, La. v. La. Power & Light Co. (1978), the Act seeks to protect consumers by fostering competition, presuming that competitive markets result in more affordable prices and superior products. Through an examination of Articles 1 and 2, this article scrutinizes judicial interpretations of the Act's commitment to preserving the competitive process. Investigations into Sections 1 and 2 reveal the Act's emphasis on safeguarding competition rather than prioritizing harm to consumers, challenging arguments that seek to restrict or broaden liability under the banner of "consumer welfare." Lastly, the discussion delves into the historical backdrop and evolution of the Sherman Act, illustrating its ongoing significance in antitrust jurisprudence.

Racial Identity and Postcolonial Discourse in Selected South Asian Novels

Shehrzad Ameena Khattak, Abdul Hamid Khan — Sun, 03 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

This research paper explores the theme of “Racial Identity and Postcolonial Discourse” in selected South Asian novels. The key aim is to examine the portrayal of racial identity as well as the influence of colonial history in the selected novels: In the Light of What We Know by Zia Haider Rahman, The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid, The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy and A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini. It employs a qualitative method and the data collection was conducted by close reading of the selected novels. These novels were chosen for their diverse representation of South Asian experiences and their relevance to the study's themes. The theoretical framework is based on the concepts of Edward Said and Homi K. Bhabha. The analysis indicated that the selected fictions reveal a perspective which is based on colonized legacies. The Western superiority makes the characters puzzled. The reflection of colonialism in the portrayal of characters is not only in their self perception but also in how they are treated by others and the feelings aroused in them are of dejection and rejection. Particularly, this is the case when the preferred attitude is that Western languages or values are preferred over the local ones, which means that the colonizers still have those attitudes. The study concludes that the colonial history has its way of altering how race and identity is presented in South Asian literature from the early times.

Role of Synthetic Intelligence in Higher Education

Abdul Malik, Sidra Sarwar, Muhammad Naseem Abid — Tue, 05 Mar 2024 15:51:53 +0200

Synthetic Intelligence (SI) has emerged as a transformative force in higher education, promising to revolutionize pedagogical approaches and administrative processes. This study explores the multifaceted applications of SI, delving into its promises, challenges, and implications for the future of learning. The landscape of higher education is undergoing a profound transformation, with SI as a pivotal force that transcends traditional AI applications. SI's role in personalized learning, administrative efficiency, content creation, and student support services is examined, showcasing its potential benefits and challenges. A critical discourse analysis highlights the evolution of SI, its distinctions from Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the philosophical debates surrounding machine intelligence. The study outlines SI's historical context, public perception, and ethical considerations, emphasizing the responsible development and deployment needed in its integration into academia. Findings from the study reveal the potential for personalized learning, administrative efficiency, innovative content creation, and enhanced student support services. The study clarifies the distinction between SI and AI, underscoring that SI is not a mere simulation but a genuine attempt to imbue machines with intelligence. Ethical considerations, including job displacement and biases, necessitate careful examination and responsible development. This comprehensive overview contributes to a nuanced understanding of the complexities and implications of synthetic intelligence in higher education.

Factors Leading to the Punjab Provincial Muslim League’s Success in 1946 Provincial Elections

Dr. Farzana Gul Taj, Dr. Syed Waqar Ali Shah — Thu, 07 Mar 2024 19:33:11 +0200

In the 1937 provincial elections, the Punjab Provincial Muslim League had a mere seven candidates for the eighty-six Muslim seats, only two of whom succeeded against the landlord Unionist Party. Less than a decade later, the Punjab Provincial Muslim League captured seventy-five out of eighty-six Muslim seats in the 1946 elections. The victory in the 1946 elections was a culmination of diverse tactics and strategic maneuvers. Initially, the inception of the League addressed the pressing issue of Muslim under-representation, igniting a wave of political activism. Within the Muslim League, internal divisions between the Old and Young Parties mirrored the evolving political terrain, adding complexity to the landscape. By leveraging deep-seated kinship bonds and religious affiliations, the League secured vital backing from the influential landed aristocracy, pivotal figures in Punjab's political dynamics. Strategic outreach efforts targeted peasants and students, expanding the League's support base. Concurrently, organizational reforms and enthusiastic advocacy for separate electorates fortified its position. The collapse of the Unionist Party, marked by notable defections to the League, cemented its ascendancy. Through adept navigation of religious, social, and economic networks, alongside organizational flexibility, the League emerged triumphant in 1946. This victory laid the cornerstone for the establishment of Pakistan, marking a pivotal moment in history.

Analysing the Role of Pakistan Studies Curriculum in Enhancing Citizenship Behaviour among Secondary School Students

Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Dr Azhar Mahmood, Muhammad Saleem Shahzad — Thu, 07 Mar 2024 20:38:30 +0200

Peace and harmony in a society can be fostered through civic education. The study's goals were to examine how civics education was covered in Pakistani secondary school textbooks in the province of Punjab. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to investigate the civic education content of the Pakistan studies curriculum and to gauge teachers' views on the subject's place in the classroom. The study looked into how civic education is integrated into secondary school studies curricula in Pakistan. The researcher looked into how well textbooks match up with lessons. The sample size for this quantitative analysis of the Pakistani education system was 7425 active educators. The qualitative sample, on the other hand, was made up of 27 professional educators. The first step involved conducting a content study of the Pakistan studies textbooks and curriculum documents used in grades 9 and 10. The interview data from this study were examined using theme analysis. Quantitative information was evaluated using both descriptive and inferential statistics in the second stage. Interest among educators was characterized using frequency, percentage, and mean descriptive statistics. The study used inferential statistics, including the t-test for independent samples and the one-way analysis of variance, to evaluate its hypotheses. The results demonstrate that teaching politics in Pakistan Studies courses is ineffective. Pakistani students lack political awareness since the curriculum does not provide them with any hands-on experience with politics or political issues. Only 5% of classroom time is devoted to teaching students about politics. So, it's been suggested that the curriculum should include more information about politics or political issues, as well as information about basic human rights like the right to a free and fair trial, the right to privacy and religious freedom, the freedom to travel and own property, and the right to be free from slavery.

1965 Indo-Pakistan War An Overview

Muhammad Hassan — Thu, 07 Mar 2024 21:03:39 +0200

Kashmir is the main bone of contention between India and Pakistan. It is the base of strained relations between both countries. Multiple talks and dialogues happened between the high officials of India and Pakistan but the issue remained unresolved. A major shift began in 1963 when the hair of Muhammad (S.A.W) was stolen from Hazrat Bal Mosque of Indian Occupied Kashmir. In 1964, Shiekh Abdullah was released and in 1965, he moved on foreign visit to Middle Eastern Countries where he presented the grievances of Indian Kashmiris and spoke about the right of self-determination of the Kashmiri people. On such act of Shiekh Abdullah, he was re-imprisoned in May 1965. Before the imprisonment of Shiekh Abdullah, small skirmishes happened on Rann of the Kutch region, a border area between the Indian State of Gujrat and the Sindh Province of Pakistan. However, Pakistan protected its territory and deterred Indian Forces. In June 1965, the Boundary Commission was set up to decide on the border issue of India and Pakistan in which they awarded a large border area to India. Operation Gibraltar was planned which aimed to galvanize revolt within Kashmir and this would provide an opportunity for Pakistan to occupy the remaining part of Kashmir. This strategy failed, resulting in the capture of guriella who were planted by Pakistan for the galvanization of revolt in Kashmir. When Guriella forces were captured by India, this led to the beginning of the War between India and Pakistan. This research paper has discussed the entire scenario of the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 in detail.

Employee Ambivalence: An Examination of Spatial and Procedural Justice in Public Sector Higher Education Institutions

Syed Amjad Ali Shah, Irfan Ahmed Lashari, Humaira Dogar, Shumaila Phulpoto — Fri, 08 Mar 2024 17:04:56 +0200

The contemporary era underscores multifaceted principles grounded in organizational justice, among which spatial and procedural justice stand out prominently. This research aims to delve into the influence of spatial and procedural justice on employee performance within a public sector organization. Employing a quantitative research approach, primary data was acquired through a survey questionnaire distributed to university employees, utilizing the convenient sampling technique. Out of the 80 distributed questionnaires, 70 were completed and returned, with the remaining excluded from the analysis. The survey instrument, comprising 17 closed-ended items measured on a Likert scale, was adapted from a prior study. Statistical analysis, employing SPSS, was conducted to calculate and interpret results from the gathered data. The findings of the study indicate that spatial justice (SJ) and procedural justice (PJ) exhibit a positive and significant impact on employee performance in the public sector organizations. Consequently, the study recommends that public sector organizations prioritize attention to spatial and procedural justice as integral factors in enhancing employee performance. It is worth noting that the results may be generalized to other organizations within a similar contextual framework.

Exploring Criminal Justice: A Study of Pakistani Laws and Constitutional Provisions

Imran khan, Qadir Ullah — Fri, 08 Mar 2024 17:13:59 +0200

The Pakistani criminal justice system, like many others around the world, operates within a framework of laws and constitutional provisions aimed at maintaining order, ensuring justice, and protecting the rights of citizens. This research article delves into the structure, functioning, and challenges of the criminal justice system in Pakistan, focusing on its legal and constitutional dimensions. Through a comprehensive analysis of relevant laws, constitutional provisions, and case studies, this study aims to provide insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the Pakistani criminal justice system, as well as recommendations for improvement.

Constitutional Safeguards and Criminal Accountability in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis

Qadir Ullah, Imran Khan, Muhammad Jan — Fri, 08 Mar 2024 17:46:11 +0200

This research article critically examines the constitutional safeguards and mechanisms for criminal accountability in Pakistan. It delves into the constitutional provisions, legal frameworks, and practical implementation of laws related to criminal accountability in the country. By analyzing relevant case law, legislative enactments, and scholarly literature, the article highlights strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement in Pakistan's legal system concerning criminal accountability. It also discusses the challenges faced in ensuring effective enforcement of constitutional safeguards and suggests policy recommendations to enhance accountability mechanisms within the framework of Pakistan's constitutional order.

Emotional Intelligence and Resilience among Hearing Impaired Adolescent

Hadia Ghaffar, Dr Saima Ehsan — Sun, 10 Mar 2024 21:38:03 +0200

The present research paper was intended to examine the relationship between the resilience and emotional intelligence of hearing-impaired adolescents. The convenient sampling technique was used to collect the data from the population. The sample consisted of n=504 hearing-impaired adolescents from special education institutions. Connor-Davidson's Resilience scale and Wong and Law's Emotional Intelligence scale were analyzed. results demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between resilience and emotional intelligence. It was also found that resilience positively predicted emotional intelligence. In terms of demographic variables, findings also depicted that age, gender, and education have a significant difference in resilience and emotional intelligence.

Social Media Users' Willingness to Self-Censorship regarding Attitude towards State Institutions and Religious Beliefs in Pakistan

Asif Arshad, Steven A. Beebe, Muhammad Ans, Andleeb Ikhlaq — Mon, 11 Mar 2024 18:32:24 +0200

This study examines the relationship between attitudes towards state institutions, religious beliefs, and willingness to engage in self-censorship through the mediating role of fear of isolation based on the Spiral of Silence Theory. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire from 600 respondents, using the purposive sampling technique, and analyzed using AMOS. Results revealed that attitudes towards state institutions and religious beliefs are significantly associated with willingness to self-censor. It was further found that attitude towards state institutions is positively associated with the contextual fear of isolation. Moreover, dispositional/contextual fear of isolation significantly predicted the willingness to self-censor. Dispositional/contextual fear of isolation was found to play a significant mediating role between the relationship of attitude strength towards state institutions/religious beliefs and willingness to self-censor.

Legal Framework of Electronic Contracts in Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects for Business

Sania Islam, Muhammad Jan, Abdus Samad Khan — Mon, 11 Mar 2024 20:34:27 +0200

The development of e-commerce has rendered it necessary that a robust legal framework be developed in order to provide the legal basis for electronic contracts and their enforceability. This article will cover different aspects of electronic contracts in Pakistan by taking a look at legislation, court judgments, and emerging trends. The legal framework is the cornerstone. That is, the Electronic Transactions Ordinance of 2002 acknowledges the legality of electronic contract signatures and records as well as helping to ratify documents in court. Nevertheless, there are still problems: companies and individuals remain unaware; there is a risk of cyberattacks; the law isn't clear. Despite these challenges, electronic contracts offer a number of benefits to businesses, including budget and time efficiency, being internationally available, and providing a sound legal basis. Through education campaigns, strengthened cybersecurity measures, legal reforms, and other means, Pakistan can overcome the hurdles to allow electronic contracts, promote business growth, encourage innovation, and even contribute to economic development. There is already some evidence of this happening. This study aims to inform policymakers, businesses, and legal practitioners about the chances and challenges presented by electronic contracts in Pakistan. Therefore, I would like to offer some ideas for moving through the digital age.

Lesson Planning Training in English Language Teaching: A Comparative Analysis between Public and Private Schools in Peshawar

Spogmay Nazir, Muhammad Umer, Mehran Ali — Tue, 12 Mar 2024 15:05:20 +0200

This article reports the training in lesson planning received by Pakistani public and private school English teachers, the implementation of the training in classrooms, and the differences, if any, in their teaching practices in the two settings. The data were collected from male and female English teachers of 40 public and 40 private schools through a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The data were subjected to both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The findings revealed that the public school teachers received more training in lesson planning than the private school teachers; however, public school teachers’ implementation of lesson planning was found highly deficient. In addition, the results showed that the increased amount of training received by the public school teachers was mainly associated with the promotion factor, not with the quality improvement of their teaching. The results further revealed that the private school teachers were better equipped with modern teaching gadgets and tools as compared with the public school teachers which resulted in marked differences in the teaching practices of the two settings. Therefore, it is recommended that the government should improve the quality of public school lesson plan training and develop a monitoring system that can ensure the implementation of training in the classroom. It is also suggested that public school teachers be provided with adequate resources and modern teaching technology.

Urbanization And Inequality In Urbanizing Countries: Testing The Shape Of Kuznets Curve

Faiza Agha, Prof. Dr Shabib Haider Syed — Tue, 12 Mar 2024 20:57:48 +0200

The objective of my paper is to investigate the effect of urban growth on inequality. Focusing on the data of countries urbanizing at rate more than 70 percent; the paper looks into the determinants of inequality and that to what extent the changes in the past inequality can be explained by urbanization and GDP per capita. Furthermore, it looks into the mere factors of increased inequality linked to the inflation deflator, education and trade and that what will be the shape of Kuznets curve of inequality and urbanization holding GDP per capita constant and vice versa. The study used Pooled data for the period of 1980-2017 to test the hypothesis of these countries. The pooled ordinary least square (POLS) estimation technique is used to estimate the pooled data model for a dataset of 53 urbanizing countries. Data used in the study have been collected from various sources i.e. World Bank Indicators, World Inequality data. Gini coefficient has been used as a proxy variable of inequality, higher the value Gini coefficient shows higher the inequality in relation to urbanization at first phase and vice versa. Empirical findings shows that Gini coefficient is increasing by 4.05 with 1 unit increase in urban growth. Further, that the Kuznets inverted U shaped curve holds. The sign between Gini coefficient and urban growth is positive and it is significant. The other variables also have the same expected signs as supported by the theory.

Mediating variables in the path of human capital and digitalization.

Jaweriya Naeem, Dr. Ghulam Rasool Madni — Wed, 13 Mar 2024 15:08:05 +0200

The industrial structure of a country has an essential role in determining its competitiveness, growth, and sustainability. Many countries are experiencing significant industrial upgradation and transformation and emerged as gigantic players in global trade. It is vital to understand the factors contributing in the upgradation and transformation of the industrial structure of Pakistan as well as other Asian countries because it is hardly intensive on in the literature. Study incorporate 30 Asian countries from the time period 1995 to 2022.This study explores the potential factors like labor quality and digitalization on the upgradation and transformation of industrial structure. Multiple econometric techniques like regression and Hausman test are applied for a comprehensive analysis of data. It is hypothesized that mediating variables has a positive contribution in upgradation and transformation of the industrial structure. Moreover, digitalization upgrades and transforms the industrial structure by improving connectivity through different mediating variables. Study include three mediating variables 1) institutional quality 2) unemployment 3) Research and development. Based on the study findings, these countries should prioritize investments in education and skills development to enhance human capital quality. Findings also suggest policies that helpful in the development of digital infrastructure and the creation of job opportunities. In this way, these countries can accelerate the upgradation of their industrial structure, leading to sustainable economic growth, increased competitiveness, and improved living standards. In conclusion, relationship of labor quality, digitalization, and industrial structure provides valuable visions into enhancing productivity, promoting economic growth, managing employment dynamics, fostering innovation, and driving sustainable development. Institutional quality and research and development has a positive impact on digitalization whereas unemployment rise due to digitalization. Such research is essential for policymakers, businesses, and individuals to navigate the evolving industrial landscape effectively.

The Life of Women in Rural Sindh: A Critical Analysis of Fahmida Raiz’s Short Story The Daughters Of Aai from the Perspective of Cixous‘S Eriture Feminism

Muhammad Ilyas Khan, Sulaiman Ahmad, Khushnood Arshad — Thu, 14 Mar 2024 15:05:06 +0200

Abstract: This qualitative research aims to analyze Fahmida Raiz’s short story The Daughters of Aai in the light of Helene Cixous’s Ecriture Feminine(1975).The theory recommends various characteristics for a feminist literature, including female author, writing about women’s issues and sexuality within the text, as well as describing female body parts and processes related to their body. To explore the elements of the theory in the short story, the researchers collected data from the text. After comparing it with the theory, the researchers concluded that the short story serves as a faithful illustration of the theory because it adheres to conditions required for a feminist literature. The researchers observed that the short story’s author is a female, Fahmida Raiz, who addresses women’s issues in rural Sindh through different characters in the short story .Firstly, Aai experiences considerable hardships in her life, juggling multiple tasks such as hard labor, looking after seven children and managing a drug-addicted husband. Secondly, Fatimah falls victim to sexual harassment and unwanted pregnancies. Lastly, Mumtaz grapples with forced marriage and lacks property rights to her late husband’s inheritance. Furthermore, the paper noticed a departure from usual linguistic norms of the Pakistani society, as the writer explicitly describes breasts, menstruation, pregnancy, and abortion in the short story.

Human Conflicts Under Changing Climate and its Impacts on Socio-Economic Growth: A Case Study of Rawalpindi District

Muhammad Babar Khan, Muhammad Abdur Rahman, Bashir Ahmed, Saba Shaheen — Sat, 16 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Human conflicts due to climate change is becoming main concern of the world. Pakistan economy is facing the climate related issue in the most of the district and villages which lead to the socio economic growth. Most of the areas of Pakistan is facing the issue temperature which lead to the productivity of the land. Hence, a large amount of economic literature investigated human conflicts and its impact on socio economic growth in both developed and developing economies but they lack of few literatures available about different district of Pakistan. Therefore, this study mainly focused on human conflict and its impact on the socio economic growth of selected district Rawalpindi. The data collected for the empirical analysis from 5 tehsils of the district Rawalpindi and the selected population sample size was 150 used in the study and 30 farmers from each district was selected for the study. The results of the study showed that rainfall have insignificant and positive impact on socio economic growth which means that it have insignificant and positive impact on the cost of conflict and on the other side the coefficient value of the temperature is statically significant and positive impact on the behavior of the people which create the issue of the conflicts in the district Rawalpindi .However , this study suggested that government should need to make the policy that can reduce the cost of the conflict and government should need to conduct the awareness program for the people of the district.

Climate Variability and Seasonal Migration A Case Study of Local Community in Murree

Muhammad Waqas, Nasir Mehmood Khan, Arif Mahmood Khan — Tue, 19 Mar 2024 15:23:57 +0200

Globally, climate change has a profound impact on many areas due to the variability in temperature and precipitation. It has attracted significant attention from researchers during the past few decades. Pakistan is listed among the most vulnerable countries that are experiencing both slow and fast-onset climate change events. Seasonal migration is development of moving for stage of time in retort to typical weather conditions. People move for a diversity of reason. Researcher elaborates the benefit and disadvantage of stay at origin and destination by exploring factors and impacts of migration on families. Study is designed to explore Seasonal migration of families living in Murree. Because migration is gaining gravity with the passage of time and has social, economic and environmental impacts over societies. The study is focused to investigate the factors behind seasonal migration in migrant families and to access the impact of seasonal migration on migrant families. Research is conducted in Tehsil Murree district Rawalpindi. Murree is nearest to Islamabad and the regulatory focal point of Tehsil Murree between Punjab territories within Pakistan. It is between a sections of Rawalpindi region and incorporates the parts of mountains around. Sample size of two hundred respondents is selected through Simple Random sampling techniques. Researcher used triangulation method for better understanding about the under investigating problem data collected through questionnaire and in-depth interviews. After collection of data it is analyzed through thematic analysis. There are numerous factors of seasonal migration such as climate change, better health, education, entrepreneurship opportunities. Climate change is the major factor of seasonal migration that forces people to leave their origin to destination. There are also several impacts of seasonal migration on families that is socio-economic, cultural, environmental and demographic. Major impact of seasonal migration on families is economic impact migrant families have to spend extra money when they shifted to another place.

Examining The Impact Of Emotional Intelligence On Employee Engagement, Employee Performance And Job Satisfaction:A Comprehensive Study In The Banking Sector

Tooba Fareed , Dr. Omar Ahmad Shaikh — Tue, 19 Mar 2024 17:43:51 +0200

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of EI on Engagement, Performance and Satisfaction of employees. The conducted research is quantitative in nature and is based on deductive approach.The approach used in this research is explanatory.The correlation research design is adopted in this research.The sample size of this research was 270.Yamane's formula was used to determine the sample size.Out of 270, 30 questionnaires were returned and after completing the data screening procedures,203 responses were found usable for analysis.Structured and close-ended questionnaires were used in this study to gather data from employees working on different positions at Meezan Bank head office and its selected branches in Karachi (Pakistan) using simple random probability sampling through self-administered survey.The statistical techniques used in this research are descriptive analysis,confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and for statistically testing the model, PLS-SEM (Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling) was deployed. The suggested research model is supported by COR theory,Ability Model of EI and Goleman Mixed Model of EI. Different types of reliability and validity analysis were also conducted to measure the accuracy of the methods.The findings revealed that EI is significantly and positively influenced by employee engagement,employee performance and job satisfaction.

A Comparison of the Political Thoughts of Khushal Khan Khattak and Allama Iqbal

Ijaz Ahmad, Adnan Rasool, Kanwal Naseer — Tue, 19 Mar 2024 17:56:01 +0200

Khushal Khan Khattak and Allama Iqbal are two well-known writers and thinkers. The former was a Pashtun poet and fighter, while the latter was a well-known philosopher and poet of the East. Both lived in different periods and were of different ethnicities, but there are a lot of similarities in their thoughts. Some of their thoughts are discussed below in order to find out the nuanced similarities and differences in their thoughts—similarities and differences between the ideal man of Khushal and Allama Iqbal, via which they try to explain the ideal man of society. Another concept is that of democracy, where these two also agree on some concepts but disagree on others. Here we will also study in detail the sources via which Allama Muhammad Iqbal studied Khushal Khan Khattak: personalities and written sources, i.e., Major Roverty, Khadija Begum, and Mir Ahmad Shah Rizwani. These were the sources for knowing Khushal Khan Khattak, which made Iqbal able to study Khushal in detail and borrow many of his concepts. He also appreciated the thoughts of Khushal Khan, and due to this, we can say that Allama Iqbal was one of the most inspired fans of Khushal Khan.

The Evolution of Linguistic Strategies in Digital News Discourse: A Comparative Analysis

Imran Nazeer, Khadija Ghulam Hussain, Saima Jamshaid — Tue, 19 Mar 2024 19:44:16 +0200

This research examines how language changes in the headline titles of Pakistani digital newspapers over time and how the narrative structures in the articles written online in Pakistan have been dynamically evolving. For this study, a big data corpus of five years (2019-2023) was used along with a source of newspaper articles from five different sources. Following text analysis of a range of analysis tools, including NLP, discourse, critical discourse, quantitative vocabulary and linguistic richness of words, sentiment analysis, and syntax structure analysis, the research concluded that there had been great changes in the way Pakistani digital news used their language and stories with greater vocabulary diversity, shifting sentiment, and media elements becoming more high tech. Research has demonstrated that the Pakistani digital news discourse in terms of language variety and narrative sophistication has been enhanced substantially, which signals societal and technological development. Digital news aggregator companies in Pakistan should continue innovating their language strategies and storyline structures to captivate their readers and continuously match the cultural and societal contexts.

Allusions to British Imperialism in Coetzee's Foe; A Reconstruction of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe

Ayaz Ahmad Khan, Zeeshan Ahmad — Tue, 19 Mar 2024 19:55:12 +0200

This research study aims to conduct an analysis of orientalist features present within the novel “Foe.” The primary objective of this analysis is to highlight the significant role played by orientalism in the context of English Imperialism. Coetzee's approach in Foe involves a meticulous reevaluation and reinterpretation of the renowned and widely celebrated work of English Literature, "Robinson Crusoe," authored by Daniel Defoe.

In Foe, Coetzee revisits the same characters from Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, albeit with subtle alterations. This literary exercise is undertaken to demonstrate the powerful influence of discourse in the construction of narratives according to one's desires. The analysis undertaken here inquires into the strategies employed by colonial powers in their quest for domination and the orientalization of colonized nations. Furthermore, it seeks to shed light on the pervasive issue of misrepresentation, where the Occident often distorts the reality of the Orient.

This research also explores into the examination of the brutal tactics employed by colonial masters during the era of English colonialism. By thoroughly investigating these historical aspects, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how colonial powers operated and subjugated other nations during this period.

Climate Change Impacts on Mangrove Forests in South Asia: A Systematic Literature Review

Asma Khan Kakar, Qurat-ul-Ain, Muhammad Hassan — Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

In South Asia, mangrove forests are found along the coasts of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The region's coastal residents rely on the woods as key providers of products and services, and they also support critical ecological processes. Mangrove forests have survived long-term erosion events despite attests worldwide confirming past episodes of local and regional intervention, primarily in reaction to sudden rapid rising sea levels. The objective of this systematic literature review is to assess the impact of climate change on mangrove forests in South Asia, changes in temperature, rainfall, and increase in CO₂ concentration are also contemplated. The systematic review design was adopted for conducting this study. The articles for this review were searched through the keywords; “mangrove”, climate change” “impacts of climate change”, impacts of climate change on mangroves”, and “south Asia”. The scrutiny process was comprised of three steps. Firstly, 440 articles were identified through keyword searches. Secondly, 277 articles were removed through title analysis. Finally, 100 articles were selected for this review after a screening of the abstract and body of the paper. Through qualitative analysis and descriptive statistics, the analysis was completed. The finding reveals that the area of mangrove forests in South Asia is in the region of 1,187,476 ha which represents 8% of the total worldwide. Mangrove forests are particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise. The main reasons for the change in forest management are similar throughout the region, although specific factors may be concentrated in specific areas. All of these interact to determine the spatially variable resilience of populations to climate change impacts because mangroves vary in type and geographic location. Mangrove Southeast Asian forests account for about 6 to 8% of the world’s total and are located along the coasts of Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan. These forests provide important environmental goods and services for biological ecosystems and the functioning of densely populated coastal populations. Forests are threatened by both natural and anthropogenic forces. Deforestation causes reduced freshwater runoff and reduced alluvium flow.

Stylistic Analysis of The Poem ‘Arrival of The Monsoon’ by Taufiq Rafat

Adnan Aziz, Muhammad Usman, Maryum Tariq — Wed, 20 Mar 2024 18:56:52 +0200

Taufiq Rafat is regarded as inaugural of English language poetry and writing in Pakistan and was a follower of Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and W.H. Auden. He has showed the true culture of Pakistan through his writings. The aimed work is about the stylistic analysis of the poem “The Arrival of Monsoon” by Taufiq Rafat. This poem is taken from Taufiq Rafat’s collection of poems “The Arrival of Monsoon”. The selected poem will be evaluate at the five levels. The Phonological level deals with the formulation of sound in a system. The morphological level inspects the system of word formation and the regulations of affixation. The syntactic level studies the sentence arrangement used by a poet for a specific intention. The graphological level which deals with the study of penned scheme of language . The pragmatic level studies the circumstantial interpretation. The present work aims to highlight how the poet communicate his information by depicting the mentioned levels. The work is also beneficial to inspect the framework and the manner of Taufiq Rafat’s poetry and his motives , analysis and the depiction of scenery and hope.

Asymmetric Warfare in Pakistan: Implications for National Stability and Security

Areena Shafqat, Bilal Habib Qazi — Thu, 21 Mar 2024 17:04:39 +0200

This study assesses the implication of asymmetric strategies in the post-9/11 era on Pakistan's stability and security. It also draws attention to the threats presented by asymmetrical warfare, including cyber warfare, insurgency, terrorism, and propaganda, and how these affect Pakistan's judicial system, political systems, and regional ties. Pakistan had a history of internal strife and regional unrest. Hence, protecting its stability and security and developing effective countermeasures to these threats requires an in-depth understanding of the nature of asymmetric warfare. The significant finding demonstrates that Pakistan's governance structures are experiencing threats, and public confidence has been weakened by asymmetric warfare. It also involves stepping up intelligence and counterterrorism operations, creating all-encompassing counterinsurgency plans, improving cybersecurity, combating misinformation and propaganda, and encouraging regional collaboration to decrease the impact of asymmetric threats.

Language and Ideology in I am Malala (2013): A Critical Discourse Analysis

Dr. Muhammad Javaid Jamil , Dr. Saiqa Imtiaz Asif — Fri, 22 Mar 2024 16:55:06 +0200

Language and ideology as an instrument in the hands of the powerful has an overarching hold on the people. As a nexus, it is not only a potent weapon of intervention but also a vector of (re)presentation. In its potential power, it does not ‘reflect’ the social reality only; it ‘refracts’ it too. Fascinated by such interplay of language and ideology, the aim of the present study is to investigate how and which aspects of language play more significant roles in ideologically manipulating the potential readers of I am Malala (2013), and ultimately how these aspects of language could be systematically analyzed. Essentially, through the lens of Fairclough’s ‘three dimensional model’ of CDA (1989, 1992, & 2003), a textual analysis is conducted on the purposively collected extracts of the biography. And, the study has been found that in the biography, the language has been appropriated at both the levels of morphology (i.e., vocabulary) and syntax (i.e., sentence structure) to promote the Western version of the ‘fictionalized Islam’ and to encourage a specific political propaganda against Pakistan.

Legal frameworks for addressing marine pollution and protecting marine ecosystems

Syed Hammad Khan, Muhammad Hamza Zakir , Saliha Khalid Sair, Arsalan Tayyab — Fri, 22 Mar 2024 19:04:02 +0200

Alliteratively, marine pollution can harm the world's oceans by making them less diverse and less able to sustain life. This issue is pressing, and measures have been developed at both national and international levels to deal with it. We will look at the effectiveness of these legal instruments, and some of the challenges in their implementation. Starting with the historical development of marine pollution laws, we show how they evolved from national laws with territorial jurisdiction only to worldwide conventions such as The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) or The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Then we turn to local and domestic legislation, demonstrating the wide variety of legal responses in different countries around the world. A thorough review of enforcement mechanisms identifies disturbing gaps; with serious weaknesses in surveillance, adherence to regulations and the handling of international pollution incidents. The paper also explores the role played by NGOs and civil society groups in shaping policies, prompting public attention, and pushing for stricter legal measures. Using case studies as a principal research method, the success of certain strategies and the failure of others in marine pollution control are recounted with practical examples. The paper concludes by looking into the future trends on horizon. Future challenges for marine protection include how to draw more on technology and science of regulation, and how tomorrow 's regulations must be tailored to meet the coming problems. Our research findings confirm that we need a more comprehensive and collaborative approach to protecting marine ecosystems. We must actively engage multiple sectors of society at various levels to safeguard the future of our oceans, or they will be dead before long. This study seeks to contribute to the present debate on updating legal frameworks so as to protect marine environments from ever-increasing human pressures.

Analyzing Push and Pull Factors for Migrants in Khalid Hosseini’s And the Mountain Echoed, Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake and Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West

Ayesha Qayyum, Qazi Waqas Ahmed , Sana Shehzadi — Sat, 23 Mar 2024 06:31:35 +0200

The phenomenon of migration has becomes a great debate in the present times world. People are leaving their homes and moving to host lands due to a number of factors. Among these include push and pull factors. The present study has discussed Khalid Hosseini’s And the Mountain Echoed, Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake and Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West regarding push and pull factors behind migrants’ movement to host lands. The study aims at exploring circumstances in which characters in the selected novel move and impacts of such conditions on their lives. The present study has employed Lee’s Push & Pull’ model who argued that people around the world are migrating for a variety of reasons that can be summarized in two common terms, ‘push’ and ‘pull’. The selected novelists tend to portray migration in more variable ways than anticipated by previous theory of migration.

Capacity Building and Institutional Strengthening for Enhancing Social Resilience to Address Climate Change

Dr. Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry, Fatima Bint E Tariq — Sat, 23 Mar 2024 09:17:21 +0200

This study is about capacity building and institutional strengthening for enhancing social resilience to address climate change. Climate change is one of the most important issues of our day, requiring coordinated action at all levels to reduce its effects. While international accords such as the Paris Agreement provide broad frameworks, there is an increasing realisation of the need of understanding and addressing climate vulnerabilities at the regional, national, and local levels. By keeping this background in mind, the study aimed to investigate the complex dynamics of climate change governance, capacity building, and institutional strengthening, with a focus on Pakistan and neighbouring nations. the study has developed a theoretical framework based on resilience theory, institutional theory, diffusion of innovations theory, adaptive capacity framework, policy transfer and lesson drawing theory, network theory, environmental justice theory, and innovation systems theory. The study has followed qualitative research type, an anthropological approach and interview study research design. The study has population of Ministry of Climate Change. The data was collected though open ended semi-structured interview guide. The collected data was analyzed with the implementation of thematic analysis. The study has found that there are specific responsibilities within the Ministry of Climate Change, obstacles and potential for global alignment and regional collaboration, the growth of capacity-building programmes, and the relationship between societal resilience and climate adaptation. It also looks at how national policies are translated into concrete tactics, the obstacles of execution, and future climate policy prospects. The dynamic nature of aligning national policies with global climate goals underscores the paramount importance of collaboration across diverse stakeholders and regions. Capacity building efforts that are transitioning to participatory techniques highlight the transformational ability of including communities in climate resilience, despite implementation obstacles owing to budget limits and coordination challenges. Future prospects include adaptive governance, youth participation, technology breakthroughs, and multidisciplinary partnerships, underlining the necessity for empowering communities, creating diversity, and raising public awareness for effective climate resilience efforts.

Analysis of the Control of Narcotics Substance Act 1997 in the Context of Environmental and Ecological Harm in Pakistan

Johar Wajahat, Dr. Rafia Naz Ali, Mohammad Jan, Mahrukh Zahir Shah — Sat, 23 Mar 2024 10:26:32 +0200

The scheme is the legal examination of the connections between Narcotics laws and Environmental Protection laws in Pakistan. It will analyze gaps in existing anti-narcotics legislation and the resulting impacts on ecosystems and environmental outcomes. The research aims to ultimately incorporate comprehensive legal reforms responsive to the socioeconomic drivers and ecological effects of narcotization. In this regard available legislation on drugs within Pakistan and International conventions have been studied in depth, historical aspect has been covered with the help of case studies along with integrated drug policies. Ecological effects of narcotics and legal combating to environmental preservations are also addressed. Put forward transformational adaptability and mitigation measures of narcotics via suggestive legal reforms more cohesive and environmentally friendly. Efforts have been made to reveal the liaison between narcotics drugs and environmental sustainability.

Party Politics in Pakistan Election 1997: The new Calculus of Pakistani Politics and Rise of the PML-N

Dr. Shahbaz Ali, Dr. Adnan Tariq — Tue, 26 Mar 2024 19:14:00 +0200

In 1996, after the termination of Benazir Bhutto government by President Farooq Leghari, the new elections held in February 03, 1997. Several major and minor political parties participated in those elections including PPP and PML-N. Before the commencement of elections more than five dozen political parties nominated their candidates to get elections but the real match was played between the same rival political parties, PML-N and PPP. The results of elections were very stunning and poles apart from the previous ones. Surprisingly, PML-N secured 134 seats in National Assembly against 18 seats of PPP and made its government in the Centre. The provincial results were also not different from Federal Assembly’s results and PML-N made their governments in all four provinces too. It was first example in the political history of Pakistan that a political party individually, obtained such huge numbers of seats in National Assembly and formed its administrations in all four provinces. The remarkable triumph of newly established PML-N in elections was specifying its popularity in the masses against the senior and experience PPP. Now the questions arose that why voters changed their mindset and voted newly born PML-N against senior PPP? What were the reasons that the PPP, the winner of two times elections could not maintain its popularity in the masses? What were the political maneuverings and strategies adopted by PML-N to attracted the common voters. The answer of the questions is real topic of this research article.

Response of Judiciary to Military Intervention in Pakistan During Pervaiz Musharraf Era

Asim Niaz Khan, Azmat Ali Shah — Fri, 29 Mar 2024 11:33:30 +0200

In Pakistan, Military has intervened four times directly in politics of nation. However, it is an unfortunate, that in Pakistan, the judiciary, being the custodian of the constitution, has not properly performed its duties and failed in safeguarding the constitution against the aggressive attempts of dictators on constitution. The evil nexus of army and judiciary has halted the way of Pakistan in many respects. This research work is about to explore the dynamics of military interventions in politics under the leadership of Pervaiz Musharraf on Oct 12, 1999 against the elected government of Nawaz Sharif and to highlight the response of judiciary to the actions of Musharraf. The Musharraf Era (1999-2008), Pakistan has witnessed many ups and down that changed the overall outlook of the Pakistan on social, economic and political sides. This research work is qualitative in nature and post-positivist approach has been adopted as philosophical foundation for the research. The researchers have gathered the data from both primary and secondary sources and Thematic Analysis has been carried while analyzing the data for obtaining the results. It is suggested by this study that efficient legal and constitutional measures should be taken in order to refrain the military from interventions in politics and the judiciary should be empowered in such manner that it could resist any attempt on the constitution.

Crimes and Consequences: A Human Rights-Based Approach to Criminal Justice

Sidra Kanwel, Muhammad Imran Khan, Usman Asghar — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

This research article examines the integration of human rights principles into criminal justice systems, focusing on the implications for rehabilitation, reintegration, and restorative justice practices. Through a qualitative research methodology, including literature review and qualitative data collection methods such as interviews and case studies, the study explores the complex interplay between human rights and criminal justice. Case studies from countries like Norway, Sweden, New Zealand, and Canada are analyzed to illustrate the benefits and challenges of adopting a rights-based approach. The findings highlight the importance of prioritizing dignity, fairness, and accountability in criminal justice processes, as well as the potential for transformative change in promoting public safety, reducing recidivism, and fostering social cohesion. The article contributes to scholarly discourse by offering insights into the practical implementation of human rights principles in criminal justice systems, with implications for policy development, practice, and future research endeavors.

The Role of Law in Promoting Sustainable Business Innovations

Muneeba Faizan Nazim, Sohail Amjad , Saba Iqbal — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

In recent years, the imperative of sustainable development has gained increasing attention globally, prompting businesses to adopt innovative practices that prioritize environmental and social responsibility. However, achieving sustainability goals requires more than just corporate goodwill; it necessitates a supportive legal framework that incentivizes and regulates sustainable business innovations. This research article examines the multifaceted role of law in fostering sustainable business practices and innovation. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and case studies, this article explores the ways in which legal mechanisms can facilitate and drive sustainable innovation within the business sector. Additionally, it discusses challenges and opportunities associated with legal frameworks in promoting sustainable business innovations and provides recommendations for policymakers and businesses to enhance their collaborative efforts towards achieving sustainable development goals.

AI and the Law: A Journey through Evolution, Application, and the Challenges of Copyright

Afrasiyab Khan, Fazal Khalique — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

This paper discusses the widespread adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) from the idea of fiction into the Halls of Justice. The main finding encompasses a comprehensive examination of AI's integration into the field of law by discussing its historical background and evolution, its evolutional role in legal research, and its impact on transforming the adjudication process of Courts by considering some courts’ practices in different states. This discourse offers a critique of the utilization of AI technology by adjudicators in the role of Amicus Curiae, highlighting the lack of adequate training. In examining the widely held belief that artificial intelligence (AI) brings societal advantages by positively affecting various aspects of daily life, this discussion also considered the current concerns related to copyright protection and its ownership.

Is it possible to surmount the use of artificial intelligence in this fast-spreading wave? This research has examined the response by taking into account the legislations of the states, as well as its upsides and downsides in the law field. This research also recommends adequate training for professional and legal experts and emphasizes the responsibility of states to safeguard intellectual property rights.

Exploring the Causes of Relapse among Drug Addicts: A Study of Drug Rehabilitation Centers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Ayub khan, Dr. Shakeel Ahmad , Dr. Sameer Ul Khaliq Jan — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Relapse refers to the condition when a person starts using drugs after a period of sobriety and recovery. The aim of the current study was to explore the causes of relapse among drug addicts. The nature of this study was qualitative. The participants of the study were officials of drug rehabilitation centers and substance users who have been relapsed after a period of sobriety and were admitted to drug rehabilitation centers in the district of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Data were collected through an interview guide from 14 respondents and each respondent was selected through a purposive sampling technique. After the collection of data, a thematic analysis was employed and themes were developed from it. The study found three main responsible factors which are associated with relapse i.e. easy availability, lack of family support and peer influence. The study recommends that law enforcement agencies should implement stricter policies to control the availability of drugs in society and develop family-based intervention programs to enhance family support in the recovery process.

The Role of Key Phrases Employed in First Information Report (FIR) against Perpetrators for Sentencing Decision: A Forensic Linguistic Analysis

Muhammad Javaid Toor, Muhammad Wasif, Syed Kashif Raza — Tue, 02 Apr 2024 20:46:59 +0300

Present study was designed to explore the role of key phrases employed in First Information Report (FIR) against perpetrators for sentencing decision. It was a qualitative research based on document analysis approach in nature. Data were collected by reviewing purposely selected sentenced murder filed case from courts across Pakistan as a sample for this study. The researcher followed the forensic linguistics analytical techniques to analyze the data. During the forensic analysis of key phrases, all legal processes initiating from investigation officer to prosecutors and then to the promulgation of sentencing of decision by the respective judges, were found to be based on the phrases employed in the FIR. All witnesses and proofs (in the favor or against) were collected to prove or disprove the phrases drafted and employed in the FIR while prosecution in the trial court. Moreover, the hearings of single and double judge’s benches were physically attended to witness all proceedings of the cases and the role of key phrases was closely observed in action from prosecutors to verdicts by judges. After forensic analysis, it was found that there was a significant role of key phrases employed in First Information Report (FIR) against perpetrators for sentencing decision. The sentenced decision was found to be based on key phrases considered by judges and prosecutors as well.

The Dynamics of Post-Colonialism, Nationalism, and Diasporic Identity in Burnt Shadows by Kamila Shamsie: A Critical Analysis

Mahnoor Ahmad, Khadim Nawaz, Dr Hashim Ali — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

This study attempts to explore the complex dynamics between post-colonialism, nationalism, and diasporic identity as shown in Kamila Shamsie's literary work, Burnt Shadows. This study provides a diligent analysis of the text to investigate how Shamsie effectively handles complex themes, providing insight into the lives of characters that cross geographical, cultural, and ideological borders. This research examines the influence of colonial legacies, nationalist fervor, and diasporic struggles on the identities and interactions of the protagonists in the novel, drawing upon post-colonial theory, nationalism studies, and diaspora discourse. Through an analysis of Shamsie's narrative methods, character depictions, and symbolic rudiments, this study seeks to explain the complex dynamics of post-colonialism, nationalism, and diasporic identity in Burnt Shadows. It further attempts to provide valuable insights into the wider socio-political and historical contexts and the complex nature of human experiences.

Use of audio-visual aids for the effective teaching of biology at secondary school level in public and private sectors of Peshawar district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Ruqia, Muhammad Adil, Farooq Nawaz Khan, Atifa Quddoos — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Abstract

This study has been undertaken to understand the use of instructional material or AV aids in understanding the concepts of biology subject. Its aim was to analyzed the academic performance of both public and private sectors in terms of their resources and capabilities in handling of instructional materials. Descriptive research survey was conducted to collect data from 40 respondents (male and female) learners from the selected government and private secondary schools and 40 (male and female) instructors from selected government and private Secondary Schools. The collected data was analyzed by a software SPSS 20.0. Mean score of each item was calculated in Microsoft excel to analyze the empirical reactions of students and teachers regarding instructional materials. The result showed that audio-visual aids have positive impact on the academic performance of both instructors and learners of both sectors. It was recommended that learning gap between both sectors can be minimized through exchange of their ideas and creativity by arranging educational seminars and science exhibitions. Administrative should sensitize the accurate use of them and must be supportive in providing funds and resources.

Whether Monetary Policy Shocks Have Symmetric or Asymmetric Effect on Price Level: A Time Series Analysis of Pakistan

Saeed ur Rahman, Dr. Ibrar Hussain — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The current study worked on the symmetric or asymmetric nature of monetary policy variable on general price level in Pakistan. Time series data of fifty-year starting from 1972 reveals that the relation is symmetric. The expansionary monetary policy leads to higher inflation in the same magnitude as the contractionary monetary policy decreases the price level. This result was derived first by employing Autoregressive Distributive Lag technique for checking relation in the long run among the variables. The autoregressive distributive lag technique shows linear relationship hence there was a need for asymmetry analysis. therefore, Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributive Lag technique was used. Which justified the linear and symmetric relation of money supply and inflation in Pakistan. while there are possibilities of degenerate cases. To solve the issue an additional F test was conducted. For this purpose, the current study used Augmented Autoregressive Distributive Lag test. Which supported the idea of long run relationship with F-value to be higher than the value of upper bound. To counter the effect of fiscal side government consumption expenditure was taken into account but this proxy came out to be insignificant. The study further found that Increase in GDP decreases inflation and imports contribute positively to inflation in Pakistan. Through WALD test the symmetric nature of the relationship is justified.

Legal Implications of the Digital Economy on Pakistan: Challenges and Opportunities

Sania Islam, Ashraf Ali, Muhammad Jan — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The digital economy has revolutionized global commerce, impacting traditional business models, regulatory frameworks, and legal systems. Pakistan, like many other developing countries, is grappling with the challenges and opportunities presented by this digital transformation. This article explores the legal implications of the digital economy on Pakistan, analyzing the existing regulatory framework, identifying key challenges, and proposing strategies to leverage digital innovations while mitigating associated risks. By examining issues such as e-commerce, digital payments, data protection, and cybersecurity, this article aims to provide insights for policymakers, businesses, and legal practitioners navigating the evolving landscape of the digital economy in Pakistan.

US Competition with China Under Biden Administration: Explaining Policy Approaches and Strategic Choices.

Dr. Hussain Abbas, Shah Khalil — Thu, 04 Apr 2024 18:24:10 +0300

The US-China competition is one of the multifaceted and most significant geo-political issues of the recent year. The paper analyzes the nature and dynamics of the US-China competition during the Biden administration specifically in Asia-Pacific. It emphasizes primarily on economic, military and geo-political dimensions. To investigate a comparative analysis of the Biden administration's foreign policy approach and strategies to engage with China. In trade competition, it addresses the trade policy including the comprehensive strategy and worker-centric trade policy towards China under the Biden era. The paper also examines the military competition security buildup and spread of the military network in the Asia-Pacific region. Finally, the paper investigates the geo-political dimension of the US-China competition under the Biden administration and their strategy particularly in Asia-Pacific to counter China’s Influence.

From Tradition to Transformation: Architectural Evolution in Pakistani Homes

Muhammad Taimur Sarwar, Shua Tahir, Sana Hafeez — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

A country's socioeconomic progress is heavily influenced by its living conditions. It is valued by all nations for its importance and ability to promote social welfare and create a progressive society. It is not just a basic requirement, but also necessary for security, stability, comfort, and success Struggles in selecting a suitable residence are common experiences, with the plethora of options available catering to diverse cultures, family dynamics, and lifestyle preferences. In Pakistan's contemporary housing sector, developers often produce standardized homes, prompting homeowners and renters to invest significant time and effort in renovations to personalize their living spaces. Architects aspire to streamline this process for end-users by comprehensively grasping modern family dynamics and spatial utilization within homes. This necessitates a thorough spatial analysis and insight into current trends to enhance future design endeavours.

This proposed research aims to contribute to this overarching objective by delving into the nuanced understanding of spatial functionality within households. By leveraging this knowledge, architects, developers, and students can collaboratively strive towards crafting more efficient and friendly living environments.

Breaking the Silence: Pakistani Media's Role in Shaping Parental Attitudes and Practices on Child Sexual Abuse

Mubashir Saeed, Wajeeh Hayder , Muhammad Naseem Anwar , Nasir Ullah — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Abstract:
In an era of increasing accessibility to electronic media platforms in Pakistan, concerns about child exposure to harmful content, including child sexual abuse (CSA), have escalated. This study investigates parental attitudes and practices in addressing CSA portrayal in Pakistani electronic media, aiming to develop effective strategies for protecting children. Understanding parental attitudes and practices is crucial to devise effective strategies for safeguarding children against such content. A study was conducted to investigate the difference in attitude, and practices towards the portrayal of child sexual abuse on HUM TV and private news channels among parents who are viewers and non-viewers. A mixed methods approach was employed, utilizing closed-ended surveys, gender-segregated focused group discussions, and semi-structured interviews with parents and stakeholders. Data was collected with a 95% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error, supplemented by an additional 10% sample to account for attrition and non-responsiveness. The study explores the level of parental monitoring of children’s media consumption and strategies employed to address CSA-related content. It also examines the perceived role of television, social media, and streaming services in exposing children to CSA. Through contributing to existing knowledge on parental attitudes and practices regarding CSA portrayal, the findings shed light on the challenges faced by parents and inform the development of targeted interventions, educational campaigns, and policies to safeguard children. It is anticipated that these research findings will serve as a catalyst for further initiatives aimed at protecting children from potential harm.

USA's Strategic Response to CPEC and Its Implications for Regional Stability

Mehvish Noor ul Islam, Sumera Munsif, Kinza Gul — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The China Pakistan Economic Corridor serves as a transformative force, playing a significant role in the strategic balance of power between the United States and China. In contemporary times, the establishment of such corridors is contributing to the formation of new political and economic blocs worldwide. A prominent illustration of this phenomenon is the One Belt One Road /CPEC initiative, which is poised to link the Middle East and South Asia to Europe, Central Asia, and Africa. This comprehensive development initiative not only enhances economic and strategic ties amongst the South Asian nations, thereby contributing to broader economic and strategic objectives. This study aims to elucidate the strategic interests and objectives of US in South Asia, thereby analyzing the evolving geostrategic dynamics of the region. To find out answer to the questions qualitative method has been used. It is concluded that CPEC has not only fostered new channels for regional collaboration, enabling the pursuit of economic interests by involved stakeholders, but also amplified the likelihood of conflict among these entities

Exploring the Role of Hidden Curriculum in context of Promoting Citizenship Values at Elementary Level

Dr. Maksal Minaz, Mr. Sajjad Ali, Mrs. Ghazala Naheed Baig, Mr.Farman Ali — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The present study is carried out to explore the Role of Hidden Curriculum in the context of Promoting Citizenship Values at elementary level in District Mardan. The main objective of the study was; to investigate the uses of hidden curriculum for development of citizenship values in primary level. The stratified random sample was applied for collection of data from respondents i.e. Primary Schools Heads and Primary Schools Teachers (PSTs). The sample of the study was composed up of 205 primary schools teachers and 44 primary schools heads. The data was collected for quantitative research through five point likert scale. The questionnaire was consisted of 15 items. The items of the questionnaire were tested for validity and reliability by the research tools masters. The technique of Cronbach’s alpha was utilized for calculating reliability of the research tool. The calculated reliability was found 0.832. Major findings of the study showed that: students at primary level developed their citizenship values to maximum level. The learners at this vital learning stage have implicitly and explicitly displayed a good overall effect on their citizenship values. The results further stressed that hidden curriculum should be valuable attention and real practices for achievement of desired objectives.

Beyond Connectivity: Unpacking the Economic Implications of Internet Usage in West Asia

Pinky Shaukat, Dr. Hina Ali — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

In the investigation of Internet usage among individuals in West Asia, this study explores the multifaceted interplay between information communication technology (ICT) diffusion, economic variables, and income inequalities. Spanning the years 2001 to 2022, the research employs fixed and random effect models to analyze data from nine West Asian countries. The study reveals intricate dynamics, illustrating that while Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPPC) exhibits a positive correlation with Internet usage proxies, its impact is not uniformly significant. Moreover, research and development expenditures emerge as a significant factor, underscoring the pivotal role of innovation in shaping Internet adoption patterns. This study contributes valuable insights into the socioeconomic implications of ICT diffusion and Internet usage in the unique context of West Asia.

Unlocking Innovativeness through the Idiosyncratic Deals of University Teachers in Pakistan. The Empirical Mediating Role of Attitude Toward Performing Wells.

Khalil Nasir Khan, Dr Mutahir Hussain Shah, Muhammad Arif, Fahad Saddique — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

When implemented as individualized work arrangements, idiosyncratic deals can inspire teachers' energy levels, influencing their innovative performance. This study aimed to investigate attitudes toward performing well as a mediating role in associations among innovative teacher performance and idiosyncratic deals; for this study, data were gathered from a sample of 375 university teachers. The study's findings suggest that the positive influence of Idiosyncratic deals with innovative teachers' performance. Additionally, the attitude towards performing well is partially mediated between innovative teachers' performance and idiosyncratic deals. This study supports the cognitive theory to examine how job and work responsibilities inspire teachers' positive energy and subsequently impact their innovative performance. This study is helpful for the regularities and policymakers most relevant to Pakistan's education sectors.

Portrayal of Migration in Khalid Hosseini’s The Kite Runner: A Diasporic Analysis

Naeem Khan Jadoon, Sana Shehzadi, Maria Bibi — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The portrayal of migration in South Asian fiction has been extensive and multifaceted. Numerous literary works delve into the complex themes surrounding the identities of migrants and their encounters with the dichotomy of home and exile. The present study has discussed representation of migration in Khalid Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. In the selected novel, characters undergo the process of emigrating from their country of origin to a foreign host nation experiencing various circumstances. This migration occurs either out of a sense of reluctance stemming from certain push forces, or freely as a result of specific pull elements. Nevertheless, the migrants in the host countries exhibit a diverse range of experiences, encompassing nostalgia, hybridity, anti-cosmopolitanism, and transnationalism. This qualitative study has used Lee’s Theory of Migration as a theoretical framework. The interpretation of the selected texts has been conducted using a qualitative content analysis technique. The study presents intriguing results that diverge from the prevailing ideas on migration.

Navigating Diasporic Identities and Cultural Hybridity in Nadeem Aslam's 'Maps for Lost Lovers': A Literary Analysis

Rafia Kiran Zahid, Rabbia Waheed, Ahmad Ali Khan — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Nadeem Aslam's novel "Maps for Lost Lovers" this research work explores the complex dynamics of diasporic identities and cultural hybridity within a British Pakistani community. This literary analysis attempt to investigate into the ways in which Aslam portrays the struggles, conflicts, and intersections of identity among immigrant populations in the West. Through a close examination of characters and narrative techniques, this study illuminates how Aslam's work navigates themes of displacement, belonging, and the negotiation of cultural heritage in a globalized world.

The novel's setting in the fictional town of Dasht-e-Tanhaii serves as a miniature reflecting broader issues of cultural adaptation and intergenerational tension within diasporic communities. As characters grapple with the tension between tradition and modernity, the novel underscores the fluid and evolving nature of identity, shaped by both personal experiences and collective memory.

By employing a postcolonial lens and drawing on theories of cultural hybridity, this analysis reveals how Aslam captures the nuances of multicultural existence and challenges essentialist notions of identity. Ultimately, "Maps for Lost Lovers" emerges as a poignant exploration of the human quest for connection and meaning in the context of diaspora, shedding light on the enduring complexities of cultural identity in an increasingly interconnected world

Assessing The Impact Of Social Media Addiction On Reading Patterns: A Study Of Riphah International University Students

Adnan Ullah, Kanwal Islam, Asghar Ali , Mehranullah Baber — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The goal of this Investigation is to look at the connection between pupils at Riphah International University's reading habits and social media addiction. Using a quantitative approach, the study selected 350 participants from Riphah International University by using random sampling methods. In order to gather data, analysis were conducted to evaluate reading and social media habits. Results show that reading habits among students at Riphah International University are significantly correlated with social media addiction. Greater degrees of social media addiction have been associated with decreased reading engagement. It may be possible for governments and educational institutions to decide what steps are required to encourage students to utilize social media in a healthy way by understanding how social media addiction influences reading habits. Plans that support social media usage in moderation and foster a culture of reading can be developed with the aid of this knowledge. This study broadens the body of research by examining the consequences of social media addiction on university students' reading habits and sheds light on the potential drawbacks of excessive social media use for academic purposes. The results highlight how crucial it is to treat social media addiction within the context of initiatives aimed at encouraging youth to engage in academic and intellectual endeavors.

Comparing Translanguaging and Traditional Language Instruction: Assessing Outcomes in ESL Classrooms

Thu, 25 Apr 2024 19:42:35 +0300

This study compares two ESL classrooms to examine the outcomes of translanguaging and traditional language instruction as pedagogical strategies. In one classroom, translanguaging is used as a teaching method, whereas traditional language instruction (monolingual instruction) is used in the other. Based on Cummins’ Iceberg Theory of Language Acquisition (1999), the study provides insight into the possible advantages of using students' native languages in ESL classroom instruction, as well as its impacts on overall English language performance. A quasi-experimental design was adopted for this study. A sample of 60 students of 10^th class was divided into two groups; experimental group, the class which was taught English using translanguaging technique and controlled group, the class that used the traditional (monolingual) method of teaching English. Both the classes were taught the same course. Data was gathered at the end of the course from the assessment of both classes on the levels of language competence, class participation, and overall performance in the ESL course. The findings showed that, in comparison to their counterparts in the traditional monolingual classroom, students in the translanguaging classroom demonstrated improved language learning and competence, better class participation, and higher overall performance. This research emphasizes how crucial it is for educational institutions to value linguistic diversity. It promotes a more inclusive method of teaching ESL while acknowledging the possible advantages of using students' native languages as a useful instrument for English language learning.